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INTRODUCTION: Pediatric testicular torsion (TT) is a urologic emergency that may result in testicular loss if left untreated. Testicular salvage is dependent on prompt intervention, and thus delays in diagnosis and management may threaten testicular viability. Knowledge of real-world Canadian practice patterns for pediatric TT will allow optimization of practices based on resource availability and geographic limitations to improve care. METHODS: An electronic survey on pediatric TT management was distributed to Canadian urologists. Descriptive statistics were performed on respondent demographic factors, hospital policies and barriers to care, surgical approaches, and transfer practices. Respondent practice patterns were analyzed based on geographic location and training. RESULTS: Thirty-four urologists responded, with most respondents operating a community practice. Ultrasonography (US) was frequently used to support TT diagnosis. Despite this, poor US access was often cited as a barrier to care, with particular impact on rural urologists. Neonatal patients and <10 years old were commonly transferred to a pediatric hospital for definitive management due to surgeon discomfort and hospital policies. Reported transport methods commonly included use of the patient's own vehicle or ambulance based on availability and timing. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal patients and patients under 10 years old are most commonly reported to be transferred to pediatric hospitals for TT management. Patients located in rural locations and at centers with limited US access may be at risk for delayed diagnosis and treatment. Pathways for prompt management of suspected TT may better serve these younger pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is commonly diagnosed in the workup of urinary tract infections or hydronephrosis in children. Traditionally, VUR severity is graded subjectively based on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) imaging. Herein, we characterized the association between age, sex, and indication for VCUG, by employing standardized quantitative features. METHODS: We included renal units with a high certainty in VUR grade (>80% consensus) from the qVUR model validation study at our institution between 2013 and 2019. We abstracted the following variables: age, sex, laterality, indication for VCUG, and qVUR parameters (tortuosity, ureter widths on VCUG). High-grade VUR was defined as grade 4 or 5 The association between each variable and VUR grade was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 443 patients (523 renal units) were included, consisting of a 48:52 male/female ratio. The median age at VCUG was 13 months. Younger age at VCUG (<6 months) was associated with greater odds of severe VUR (odds ratio [OR] 2.0), and there was a weak correlation between age and VUR grade (?=-0.17). Male sex was associated with increased odds of high-grade VUR (OR 2.7). VCUGs indicated for hydronephrosis were associated with high-grade VUR (OR 4.1) compared to those indicated for UTI only. Ureter tortuosity and width were significantly associated with each clinical variable and VUR severity. CONCLUSIONS: Male sex, younger age (<6 months), and history of hydronephrosis are associated with both high-grade VUR and standardized quantitative measures, including greater ureter tortuosity and increased ureteral width. This lends support to quantitative assessment to improve reliability in VUR grading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]