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This paper gives an overview of the most important bioreactor configurations used in waste gas treatment, i.e., conventional and trickling biofilters, the bioscrubber, suspended-growth bioreactors, as well as two-liquid phase systems (stirred tank bioreactor and biotrickling filter). The historical evolution, main characteristics, and recent developments are described in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of laboratory animals with a 50:50 mixture of c9,t11 and t10,c12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) results in fat loss and, to a smaller degree, fat-free mass (FFM) gain. In a previous meta-analysis, we found that CLA produced a fat loss, but that humans were not as responsive as mice. We performed a similar meta-analysis in the same 18 studies to test whether CLA increased FFM. Only placebo-controlled trials that measured body composition were included. We found that FFM increased during CLA treatment (0.3 ± 0.7 kg; p = 0.05), but that the change did not display an effect of length of treatment (0.001 ± 0.005 kg·week-1; p = 0.8), or an effect of dosage (0.1 ± 0.1 kg·g CLA-1·day-1; p = 0.3). We conclude that FFM does increase in humans during CLA treatment, but the onset of the increase is rapid and the total increase is small (<1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]