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Background: General surgeons play an important role in the provision of trauma care in Canada and the current extent of their trauma experience during training is unknown. We sought to quantify the operative and nonoperative educational experiences among Canadian general surgery trainees., Methods: We conducted a multicentre retrospective study of major operative exposures experienced by general surgery residents, as identified using institutional trauma registries and subsequent chart-level review, for 2008-2018. We also conducted a site survey on trauma education and structure., Results: We collected data on operative exposure for general surgery residents from 7 programs and survey data from 10 programs. Operations predominantly occurred after hours (73% after 1700 or on weekends) and general surgery residents were absent from a substantial proportion (25%) of relevant trauma operations. The structure of trauma education was heterogeneous among programs, with considerable site-specific variability in the involvement of surgical specialties in trauma care. During their training, graduating general surgery residents each experienced around 4 index trauma laparotomies, 1 splenectomy, 1 thoracotomy, and 0 neck explorations for trauma., Conclusion: General surgery residents who train in Canada receive variable and limited exposure to operative and nonoperative trauma care. These data can be used as a baseline to inform the application of competency-based medical education in trauma care for general surgery training in Canada., Competing Interests: Competing interests:: Paul Engels and Kelly Vogt sit on the board of the Trauma Association of Canada. Markus Ziessman reports honoraria from the American College of Surgeons. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2024 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors.)

Acute care surgery (ACS) is an area of surgical specialization within general surgery and a model for clinical care delivery that has proliferated over the last 2 decades. Models of ACS in Canada exist in both academic and community settings and are used to manage patients in need of emergency general surgery (EGS) care, with or without the provision of trauma care. The implementation of the ACS model has changed the landscape of patient care, surgical education and the workforce, providing an option for some general surgeons to exclude EGS care from their regular practice. The rise of ACS as a concentration of surgical skill and content expertise has resulted in the establishment of dedicated ACS fellowship training programs. This is a landmark in the evolution of general surgery, as well as a stepping stone on the path to improving patient care, surgical education and scholarly endeavour in this field., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Paul Engels is a member of the Trauma General Surgery Area of Focused Competency Subcommittee of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and of the board of directors of the Trauma Association of Canada. Morad Hameed is a founder of T6 Health Systems. Najma Ahmed is a board member of Canadian Doctors for Protection against Guns. Kelly Vogt is a member of the board of directors of the Canadian Association of General Surgeons and the Trauma Association of Canada. Chad Ball is a co–editor-in-chief of CJS; and Paul Engels, Neil Parry and Kelly Vogt are on its editorial board. They were not involved in the editorial decision-making process for this article. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2023 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors.)

Background: Access to the operating room (OR) is variable among emergency general surgery (EGS) services, with some having dedicated EGS ORs, and others only a shared queue. Currently in Canada, only a limited number of acute care surgery services have dedicated daytime operating room (OR) access; hence, we aimed to describe the burden of after-hours EGS operating in Canada and differences associated with OR access., Methods: In this multicentre retrospective cohort study, we used data from a previously conducted study designed to evaluate nonappendiceal, nonbiliary disease across 8 Canadian hospitals. We performed a secondary analysis to describe booking priorities and timing of operative interventions, compare sites with and without access to a dedicated EGS daytime OR, and identify differences in morbidity and mortality based on timing of operative intervention., Results: Among 1244 patients, operations were performed during weekday daytime in 521 cases (41.9%), in the evening in 279 (22.4%), on the weekend in 293 (23.6%) and overnight in 151 (12.1%). Operating room booking priority was more than 2 hours to 8 hours in 657 cases (52.8%), more than 8 hours to 24 hours in 334 (26.9%) and more than 24 hours to 48 hours in 253 (20.3%). Substantial variation in booking priority was observed for the same preoperative diagnoses. Sites with dedicated EGS ORs performed a greater proportion of cases during daytime versus overnight compared to sites without dedicated EGS ORs (198/237 [83.5%] v. 323/435 [74.2%], p = 0.006). No significant differences in outcome were found between cases performed during the daytime, evening and overnight., Conclusion: We found considerable variation in OR booking priority within the same preoperative diagnoses among EGS patients in Canada. Sites with dedicated EGS ORs performed more cases during weekday daytime compared to sites without dedicated EGS ORs; however, this study showed no evidence of compromised outcomes based on OR timing., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Chad Ball is a coeditor-in-chief for CJS; he was not involved in the editorial decision-making process for this article. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2023 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors.)

Background: The risk of death after a postoperative complication - known as failure to rescue (FTR) - has been proposed to be superior to traditional benchmarking outcomes, such as complication and mortality rates, as a measure of system quality. The purpose of this study was to identify the current FTR rate in emergency general surgery (EGS) centres across Canada. We hypothesized that substantial variability exists in FTR rates across centres., Methods: In this multicentre retrospective cohort study, we performed a secondary analysis of data from a previous study designed to evaluate operative intervention for nonappendiceal, nonbiliary disease by 6 EGS services across Canada (1 in British Columbia, 1 in Alberta, 3 in Ontario and 1 in Nova Scotia). Patients underwent surgery between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31, 2014. We conducted univariate analyses to compare patients with and without complications. We performed a sensitivity analysis examining the mortality rate after serious complications (Clavien-Dindo score 3 or 4) that required a surgical intervention or specialized care (e.g., admission to intensive care unit)., Results: A total of 2595 patients were included in the study cohort. Of the 206 patients who died within 30 days, 145 (70.4%) experienced a complication before their death. Overall, the mortality rate after any surgical complication (i.e., FTR) was 16.0%. Ranking of sites by the traditional outcomes of complication and mortality rates differed from the ranking when FTR rate was included in the assessment., Conclusion: There was variability in FTR rates across EGS services in Canada, which suggests that there is opportunity for ongoing quality-improvement efforts. This study provides FTR benchmarking data for Canadian EGS services., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Chad Ball is coeditor-in-chieif of CJS, and Paul Engels, Neil Parry and Kelly Vogt are associate editors. They were not involved in the editorial decision-making process for this article. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2022 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors.)

Background: Acute care surgery (ACS) and emergency general surgery (EGS) services must provide timely care and intervention for patients who have some of the most challenging needs. Patients treated by ACS services are often critically ill and have both substantial comorbidities and poor physiologic reserve. Despite the widespread implemention of ACS/EGS services across North America, the true postoperative morbidity rates remain largely unknown., Methods: In this prospective study, inpatients at 8 high-volume ACS/EGS centres in geographically diverse locations in Canada who underwent operative interventions were followed for 30 days or until they were discharged. Readmissions during the 30-day window were also captured. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables were tracked. Standard statistical methodology was employed., Results: A total of 601 ACS/EGS patients were followed for up to 30 inpatient or readmission days after their index emergent operation. Fifty-one percent of patients were female, and the median age was 51 years. They frequently had substantial medical comorbidities (42%) and morbid obesity (15%). The majority of procedures were minimally invasive (66% laparoscopic). Median length of stay was 3.3 days and the early readmission (< 30 d) rate was 6%. Six percent of patients were admitted to the critical care unit. The overall complication and mortality rates were 34% and 2%, respectively. Cholecystitis (31%), appendicitis (21%), bowel obstruction (18%), incarcerated hernia (12%), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (7%) and soft tissue infections (7%) were the most common diagnoses. The morbidity and mortality rates for open surgical procedures were 73% and 5%, respectively., Conclusion: Nontrauma ACS/EGS procedures are associated with a high postoperative morbidity rate. This study will serve as a prospective benchmark for postoperative complications among ACS/EGS patients and subsequent quality improvement across Canada., Competing Interests: Anthony MacLean received a stipend to serve as a faculty member at an Ethicon colorectal surgery bootcamp for the Canadian colorectal surgery fellows. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2020 Joule Inc. or its licensors)

Background: In situ trauma simulations allow for the trauma team and emergency department to practise team dynamics, resuscitation and logistics in a safe environment. The goal of this investigation was to show the feasibility of an in situ trauma simulation program at a Canadian level 1 trauma centre., Methods: We performed a retrospective review of in situ simulations (maximum 20 min, followed by a 10-min debriefing session) at a level 1 trauma centre from 2015 to 2017. Errors were categorized according to the National Patient Safety Agency risk assessment matrix by 3 independent raters and assigned consequence scores (assessing potential harm) and likelihood scores (assessing the likelihood of potential harm). A risk score was calculated as the product of the mean consequence and likelihood scores. Errors per simulation and the number of simulations required for error resolution were recorded., Results: We reviewed 8 in situ simulations and identified 54 errors, of which 7 were related to medications, 20 to equipment, 21 to environment/staffing and 6 to training. The mean consequence score was 2.85/5 (standard deviation [SD] 0.75, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 28%), indicating minor to moderate harm. The mean likelihood score was 2.82/5 (SD 0.55, ICC 41%), indicating unlikely to possible. The mean risk score was 8.42/25 (SD 3.19, ICC 43%). One error (2%) was low risk, 23 (43%) were moderate risk, 26 (48%) were high risk, and 4 (7%) were extreme risk., Conclusion: In situ trauma simulations are feasible in a Canadian centre and provide a safe environment to identify and rectify errors., Competing Interests: None declared., (© 2019 Joule Inc. or its licensors)

Background: Emergency general surgery (EGS) services are gaining popularity in Canada as systems-based approaches to surgical emergencies. Despite the high volume, acuity and complexity of the patient populations served by EGS services, little has been reported about the services' structure, processes, case mix or outcomes. This study begins a national surveillance effort to define and advance surgical quality in an important and diverse surgical population., Methods: A national cross-sectional study of EGS services was conducted during a 24-hour period in January 2017 at 14 hospitals across 7 Canadian provinces recruited through the Canadian Association of General Surgeons Acute Care Committee. Patients admitted to the EGS service, new consultations and off-service patients being followed by the EGS service during the study period were included. Patient demographic information and data on operations, procedures and complications were collected., Results: Twelve sites reported resident coverage. Most services did not include trauma. Ten sites had protected operating room time. Overall, 393 patient encounters occurred during the study period (195/386 [50.5%] operative and 191/386 [49.5%] nonoperative), with a mean of 3.8 operations per service. The patient population was complex, with 136 patients (34.6%) having more than 3 comorbidities. There was a wide case mix, including gallbladder disease (69 cases [17.8%]) and appendiceal disease (31 [8.0%]) as well as complex emergencies, such as obstruction (56 [14.5%]) and perforation (23 [5.9%])., Conclusion: The characteristics and case mix of these Canadian EGS services are heterogeneous, but all services are busy and provide comprehensive operative and nonoperative care to acutely ill patients with high levels of comorbidity.

Background: The open abdomen is an increasingly used technique that is applied in a wide variety of clinical situations. The ABThera Open Abdomen Negative Pressure Therapy System is one of the most common and successful temporary closure systems, but it has limited ability to close the fascia in approximately 30% of patients. The abdominal reapproximation anchor system (ABRA) is a dynamic closure system that seems ideal to manage patients who may not achieve primary fascial closure with ABThera alone. We report on the use of the ABRA in conjunction with the ABThera in patients with an open abdomen., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with an open abdomen managed with the ABThera and ABRA between January 2007 and December 2012 at the Halifax Infirmary, QEII Health Science Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia., Results: Sixteen patients had combination therapy using the ABRA and ABThera systems for treatment of the open abdomen. After removing patients who died prior to closure, primary fascial closure was achieved in 12 of 13 patients (92%)., Conclusion: We observed a high rate of primary fascial closure in patients with an open abdomen managed with the ABThera system in conjuction with the ABRA. Applying mechanical traction in addition to the ABThera should be considered in patients predicted to be at high risk for failure to achieve primary fascial closure.