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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Recent scientific discoveries show that human sex determination and differentiation is a spectrum of developmental processes and that sex/gender traits and identities not always fit binarity. This study aims to determine whether the visual arts can effectively transmit these complex scientific ideas on sex and gender variance. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A one-hour lecture for undergraduate students enrolled in a behavioral neuroendocrinology course included 17th century Spanish paintings and representative work from contemporary LGBTQIA+ artists in photography. Pre and post self-evaluation was conducted through five multiple choice questions. Chi Square test was employed for statistical analysis, which required elimination of no responses from item analysis. Statistical significance was defined as p value < 0.05. Three artistic images and two scientific images were included in the questions. Acquisition of content-specific knowledge on diverse body configurations, differences of sex development (DSD), transsexuality, histopathology of the gonad and neuroanatomy of the hypothalamus was evaluated. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Twenty students completed the online pre- and post-test. We found that a 17th century Spanish painting was effective at making the distinction between transsexuality and intersexuality (p < 0.0005). Similarly, an artistic image that reinterprets the Vitruvius Man was effective for presenting the argument that diverse body configurations does not imply clinical pathology (p < 0.0001). Last, a scientific image showing the histopathology of an ovotestis was effective for introducing undergraduate students to diagnostic criteria for DSD (p < 0.02). No significant differences were found in the use of an artistic photograph depicting a young female to male transsexual individual nor in the use of a scientific image showing the neuroanatomical localization of the hypothalamus. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The learning of complex scientific concepts on human sex determination and differentiation can be affected by preconceived ideas, values, and attitudes towards sex and gender variance. The visual arts can provide a familiar ground of understanding between teachers and learners to transform such preconceptions.

Obesity and its associated comorbidities (type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, etc.) are a major public health concern worldwide, with prevalence of obesity affecting in Europe up to 17% of the adult population (OCED/EU 2016). Strategies to lose weight mostly relay in lifestyle changes such as restriction in food intake and increased exercise. However, these are not always easily accepted by overweight/obese subjects and their long-term efficiency is limited. Nutraceuticals and functional foods might be an alternative means to help lose weight and reduce associated cardiometabolic risk factors in affected subjects. There are different nutraceuticals/functional foods containing dietary fibre (DF) or polyphenol-rich plant extracts, but to our knowledge there is no nutraceutical combining both bioactive compounds.The objective of the present study was to assess the efficiency on different risk makers of a dietary supplement combining a soluble DF (oat beta-glucan -BG-) and a green coffee bean extract (GCBE) rich in polyphenols (PP) in overweight/obese subject.A randomized, parallel, blind, dose-response study was performed in 60 overweight/obese subjects divided into four groups (n = 15) who consumed during 6 weeks two servings per day of one of four nutraceutical formulations containing low (3 g/d) or high (5 g/d) doses of BG of different purity (35 & 70%) and a fixed amount of GCBE providing 600 mg/d PP. Food intake, anthropometry and different cardiometabolic markers were assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention.Results showed reduced levels of total cholesterol (p = 0.0001), LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.01), VLDL-cholesterol (p = 0.014) and triglycerides (p = 0.023). There were differences among both types of BG, with the 35% BG being more effective reducing lipid plasma levels than the 70% BG. Percentage of body fat significantly decreased after the intervention, the 70% BG being more efficient than the 35% BG. However, there was no effect on body weight and body mass index, which were not significantly modifiedIt can be concluded that DF and PP might have a synergistic effect reducing cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese subjects.Funded by Spanish State Research Agency, project AGL2015-69986-R

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) infusions have been shown to reduce plasma glucose in animals and serum lipids in humans. However, the effects of regularly consuming yerba mate on glucose metabolism in humans has been less studied. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of regularly consuming yerba mate on diabetes related biomarkers in healthy and moderately hypercholesterolemic people.A randomized, crossover, controlled study was carried out in normocholesterolemic (NC, n = 25) and hypercholesterolemic (HC, n = 27), non-smoker and non-vegetarian, men and women, with BMI 18–25 kg/m2. After a run-in stage, the effects of consuming three servings/day of yerba mate in boiled water during 8 weeks (mate stage) were compared with an isotonic drink during the same time (control stage). Along the study, polyphenol rich foods were restricted. At the beginning and the end of each intervention, urine and blood samples were collected. Dietary records and physical activity questionnaires were completed in each stage. Glucose was analyzed using a colorimetric kit (Sprinreact), and insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin and visfatin were analyzed using Bio-Rad Multiplex Diabetes kits on Bio-Plex MAGPIX system. Results were statistically studied using a mix model with repeated measures and a Bonferroni test within each group (SPSS 23.0).Nutrient intake and physical activitiy did not show changes along the study. In contrast, fasting levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1 significantly decreased after the mate stage, showing glucagon a significant yerba mate*group interaction. Attending to these results, it may be concluded that sustained consumption of yerba mate may prevent type 2 diabetes. These outcomes indicate that the effects of yerba mate in pre-diabetes and T2DM subjects are worth further studying.Funded by the Spanish State Research Agency, projects AGL2010-18269 and AGL2015-69986-R

Cocoa products present great health potential due to their high content of polyphenols, mainly of flavanols. However, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other health effects of regularly consuming cocoa products seem to depend on the intake and health status of the consumer, etc. and need to be further clarified. A randomised, controlled, cross-over, free-living study was carried out in healthy (n 24) and moderately hypercholesterolaemic (>2000mg/l, n 20) subjects to assess the influence of regularly consuming (4 weeks) two servings (15g each) of a cocoa product rich in fibre (containing 33·9% of total dietary fibre (TDF) and 13·9mg/g of soluble polyphenols) in milk v. consuming only milk (control) on (1) serum lipid and lipoprotein profile, (2) serum malondialdehyde levels, carbonyl groups, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and free radical-scavenging capacity, (3) IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and vascular and intracellular cell adhesion molecule levels, and (4) systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Throughout the study, the diet and physical activity of the volunteers, as well as any possible changes in weight or other anthropometric parameters, were also evaluated. The intake of TDF increased (P, Project Consolider-Ingenio (CSD 2007-00063) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.

Low- and intermediate-molecular-weight polyphenols are usually extracted by using different solvents (e.g. water, methanol, aqueous acetone). The aim of the present work was to study the possible effects of some extractable polyphenols (EPP) on fat and protein digestibilities and on the colonic microflora. Degradability of these compounds through the intestinal tract was also studied. Catechin and tannic acid (TA) were chosen as representatives of the most common basic structures of EPP (flavonoids and gallic acid respectively). Three groups of eight male Wistar rats were given either a control diet free of EPP, or diets containing 20 g/kg dry matter of catechin and TA. Body-weight and food intake were monitored during a 3-week experimental period. Faeces and urine were collected daily during the third experimental week. EPP and fat were determined in faeces, and N in both urine and faeces. Only 3.1 and 4.6% of the ingested catechin and TA respectively were excreted in faeces, indicating that absorption and/or degradation of these EPP had occurred. HPLC analysis of the poly phenolic content of faeces showed qualitative differences between groups. A significant increase of total faecal weight as well as water, fat and N excretion was produced by TA. Catechin only caused an increase in fat excretion.In vitrofermentation assays were also performed to study the effect of EPP on the colonic microflora. Both catechin and TA affected the yield of end-products of fermentation, and were also degraded during the fermentation process.

The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of apple pulp on weight and composition of faeces. This material is rich in dietary fibre (DF; 620 g dry matter/kg) and contains appreciable amounts of polyphenols. Recent reports indicate that both condensed tannins (CT) and soluble polyphenols form cross-links with protein and inhibit digestive enzymes, affecting the protein digestibility, and may produce a stimulation of endogenous nitrogen excretion. Two groups of male Wistar rats were fed on either a control diet free of DF or a diet containing 100 g apple pulp DF/kg during 7 d after a 4 d adaptation period. Body-weight and food intake were monitored daily and faeces and urine were collected once daily. DF, water content and polyphenolic compounds were measured in faeces, and N content in both faeces and urine. Faecal weight increased in the fibre group by 280 and 240% when compared with wet and dry faecal weights of animals fed on the fibre-free diet. Soluble dietary fibre (SDF) excreted in faeces was 10.9% of the SDF ingested, which suggested a low resistance to fermentation of this fraction. Of the insoluble DF, 43% of the ingested fibre was fermented. Polyphenols were degraded in the intestinal tract. Of the ingested CT, 68.6% was recovered in faeces, while the soluble polyphenols were extensively degraded (85.7% of that ingested). On the other hand, a higher faecal N excretion was observed for the fibre-fed group, suggesting a decrease in the digestibility of the dietary protein and lower apparent digestibility of the dietary protein and lower apparent digestibility and N balance indices.