48 results on '"Magalhães, Pedro"'
Search Results
2. Explaining the Constitutionalization of Social Rights
- Author
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Magalhães, Pedro C., primary
- Published
- 2013
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- View/download PDF
3. Ideological extremism, perceived party system polarization, and support for democracy.
- Author
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Torcal, Mariano and Magalhães, Pedro C.
- Subjects
RADICALISM ,POLARIZATION (Social sciences) ,DEMOCRACY ,PARTISANSHIP - Abstract
Does ideological polarization undermine or strengthen people's principled support for democracy? In this study, we suggest that different manifestations of ideological polarization have different implications in this respect. Using data from 11 surveys conducted with representative samples of the adult populations of a group of liberal democratic countries, part of the Comparative National Elections Project, we look at how people's level of ideological extremism and their perceptions of ideological polarization in their countries' party systems are related with their support for democracy. We show that citizens who hold more extreme ideological positions are indeed less supportive of democracy and that such a negative relationship is strengthened as citizens' extremism increases. However, we also show that the citizens who display higher levels of principled support for democracy are those who perceive parties to be neither too distant nor too close to each other in ideological terms. In other words, while a very polarized partisan supply seems to undermine popular commitment with democracy, very low polarization may have similar consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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4. Judicial Behavior under Austerity: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN THE PORTUGUESE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, 2002-2016.
- Author
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Coroado, Susana, Garoupa, Nuno, and Magalhães, Pedro C.
- Subjects
JUDICIAL process ,BEHAVIOR modification ,CONSTITUTIONAL courts ,EUROZONE ,SOCIAL conflict ,ACTIVISM - Abstract
The austerity policies pursued in several countries during the Eurozone crisis began to call attention to the role played by courts as relevant actors in the context of budgetary and financial stress. The case of the Portuguese Constitutional Court has often been singled out in national and international forums as one characterized by particularly intense activism in this respect. Allegedly, political conflict around austerity policies and the demand for their judicial review had fundamentally changed the role of the Portuguese Constitutional Court and the behavior of its judges. However, after examining these claims empirically, we find that, when properly assessed with scrutiny of comparable legislation in other periods, the judicial behavior on austerity policies exhibits a much less exceptional pattern than often argued. Constitutional review in Portugal seems to respond to institutional arrangements (i.e., those fostering a central role for ideological preferences and party loyalty) and not to specific business cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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5. Mediator effects of parameters of inflammation and neurogenesis from a N -acetyl cysteine clinical-trial for bipolar depression.
- Author
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Panizzutti, Bruna, Bortolasci, Chiara, Hasebe, Kyoko, Kidnapillai, Srisaiyini, Gray, Laura, Walder, Ken, Berk, Michael, Mohebbi, Mohammadreza, Dodd, Seetal, Gama, Clarissa, Magalhães, Pedro V., Cotton, Susan M., Kapczinski, Flávio, Bush, Ashley I., Malhi, Gin S., and Dean, Olivia M.
- Subjects
BIPOLAR disorder ,BRAIN-derived neurotrophic factor ,CYSTEINE ,DEVELOPMENTAL neurobiology ,C-reactive protein - Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore effects of adjunctive treatment with N -acetyl cysteine (NAC) on markers of inflammation and neurogenesis in bipolar depression. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Serum samples were collected at baseline, week 8, and week 32 of the open-label and maintenance phases of the clinical trial to determine changes in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) following adjunctive NAC treatment, and to explore mediation and moderator effects of the listed markers. Results: Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins (IL) -6, 8, or 10 were not significantly changed during the course of the trial or specifically in the open-label and maintenance phases. There were no mediation or moderation effects of the biological factors on the clinical parameters. Conclusion: The results suggest that these particular biological parameters may not be directly involved in the therapeutic mechanism of action of adjunctive NAC in bipolar depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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6. Affective instability and the course of bipolar depression: results from the STEP-BD randomised controlled trial of psychosocial treatment.
- Author
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Stange, Jonathan P., Sylvia, Louisa G., da Silva Magalhães, Pedro Vieira, Miklowitz, David J., Otto, Michael W., Frank, Ellen, Yim, Christine, Berk, Michael, Dougherty, Darin D., Nierenberg, Andrew A., and Deckersbach, Thilo
- Subjects
BIPOLAR disorder ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,PSYCHOTHERAPY ,MENTAL depression ,THERAPEUTICS ,AFFECT (Psychology) ,COMPARATIVE studies ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,STATISTICAL sampling ,EVALUATION research ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Background: Little is known about predictors of recovery from bipolar depression.Aims: We investigated affective instability (a pattern of frequent and large mood shifts over time) as a predictor of recovery from episodes of bipolar depression and as a moderator of response to psychosocial treatment for acute depression.Method: A total of 252 out-patients with DSM-IV bipolar I or II disorder and who were depressed enrolled in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) and were randomised to one of three types of intensive psychotherapy for depression (n= 141) or a brief psychoeducational intervention (n= 111). All analyses were by intention-to-treat.Results: Degree of instability of symptoms of depression and mania predicted a lower likelihood of recovery and longer time until recovery, independent of the concurrent effects of symptom severity. Affective instability did not moderate the effects of psychosocial treatment on recovery from depression.Conclusions: Affective instability may be a clinically relevant characteristic that influences the course of bipolar depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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7. Daytime sleepiness, sleep disturbance and functioning impairment in bipolar disorder.
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Walz, Julio C., Magalhães, Pedro V., Reckziegel, Ramiro, Costanzi, Monise, Giglio, Larriany, and Kapczinski, Flávio
- Subjects
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BIPOLAR disorder , *DROWSINESS , *INSOMNIA , *HYPERSOMNIA , *SLEEP quality - Abstract
Objective: To verify the prevalence and clinical impact of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in outpatients with bipolar disorder. Methods: Eighty‐one outpatients with bipolar disorder and 79 healthy control subjects were recruited. Patients were required not to be acutely manic or depressed. We used the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Functioning Assessment Short Test to assess sleepiness, sleep problems and functioning, respectively. Results: Patients had a higher prevalence of sleepiness (40%) than the control group (18%). Sleepiness and sleep disturbance had independent impacts on disability in the multivariable model. Conclusions: This study suggests that EDS is a relevant clinical dimension in patients with bipolar disorder. It is a frequent symptom that often overlaps with other sleep disturbances. This study also reveals that once present it has the potential to increase functional impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Obesity is associated with previous suicide attempts in bipolar disorder.
- Author
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Gomes, Fabiano A., Kauer-Sant'Anna, Márcia, Magalhães, Pedro V., Jacka, Felice N., Dodd, Seetal, Gama, Clarissa S., Cunha, Ângelo, Berk, Michael, and Kapczinski, Flávio
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OBESITY ,SUICIDE ,BIPOLAR disorder ,NUTRITION disorders ,VIOLENT deaths - Abstract
Gomes FA, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Magalhães PV, Jacka FN, Dodd S, Gama CS, Cunha Â, Berk M, Kapczinski F. Obesity is associated with previous suicide attempts in bipolar disorder. Objective: There is a paucity of data about risk factors for suicide attempts in bipolar disorder. The aim of this study is to examine the association between suicide attempts and obesity in people with bipolar disorder. Methods: Two hundred fifty-five DSM-IV out-patients with bipolar disorder were consecutively recruited from the Bipolar Disorder Program at Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre and the University Hospital at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil. Diagnosis and clinical variables were assessed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-axis I (SCID I) and Program structured protocol. History of suicide attempts was obtained from multiple information sources including patients, relatives and review of medical records. Patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 were classified as obese. Results: Over 30% of the sample was obese and over 50% had a history of suicide attempt. In the multivariate model, obese patients were nearly twice (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.06–3.69, p = 0.03) as likely to have a history of suicide attempt(s). Conclusion: Our results emphasise the relevance of obesity as an associated factor of suicide attempts in bipolar disorder. Obesity may be seen as correlate of severity and as such, must be considered in the comprehensive management of bipolar patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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9. The effects of combining Artemisia annua and Curcuma longa ethanolic extracts in broilers challenged with infective oocysts of Eimeria acervulina and E. maxima.
- Author
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ALMEIDA, GUSTAVO F. D., THAMSBORG, STIG M., MADEIRA, ALDA M. B. N., FERREIRA, JORGE F. S., MAGALHÃES, PEDRO M., FILHO, LUIZ C. DEMATTÊ, HORSTED, KLAUS, and HERMANSEN, JOHN E.
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ARTEMISIA ,TURMERIC ,ETHANOL ,BROILER chickens ,OOCYSTS ,EIMERIA acervulina ,COCCIDIOSIS in animals ,NATURAL products ,PHYSIOLOGICAL control systems - Abstract
Due to an increasing demand for natural products to control coccidiosis in broilers, we investigated the effects of supplementing a combination of ethanolic extracts of Artemisia annua and Curcuma longa in drinking water. Three different dosages of this herbal mixture were compared with a negative control (uninfected), a positive control (infected and untreated), chemical coccidiostats (nicarbazin+narazin and, later, salinomycin), vaccination, and a product based on oregano. Differences in performance (weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion rate), mortality, gross intestinal lesions and oocyst excretion were investigated. Broilers given chemical coccidiostats performed better than all other groups. Broilers given the two highest dosages of the herbal mixture had intermediate lesion scores caused by Eimeria acervulina, which was higher than in broilers given coccidiostats, but less than in broilers given vaccination, oregano and in negative controls. There was a trend for lower mortality (P = 0·08) in the later stage of the growing period (23–43 days) in broilers given the highest dosage of herbal mixture compared with broilers given chemical coccidiostats. In conclusion, the delivery strategy of the herbal extracts is easy to implement at farm level, but further studies on dose levels and modes of action are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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10. Popularity and powers: comparing public opinion on presidents in semi-presidential and presidential regimes.
- Author
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Kujanen, Maarika
- Subjects
PUBLIC opinion ,PRESIDENTS ,POLITICAL systems ,POPULARITY ,EVIDENCE gaps ,EXECUTIVE power - Abstract
The role of the president varies between political systems, and so does public opinion on presidents. One of the most evident factors distinguishing presidents in different systems is the constitutional strength of the presidency, which should impact how presidents are perceived by the people. Public opinion on presidents has mainly been studied in the context of classical presidential regimes such as the USA and Latin American countries, and we lack systematic empirical research on presidential popularity in other regime types and in the context of the presidents' constitutional powers. This article addresses this research gap by analysing whether the level of presidential powers explain variation in presidential popularity across different constitutional settings. Drawing on public opinion surveys and relevant contextual data from 15 countries, the results show that a higher level of presidential popularity is associated with weaker presidency and that the impact of the economy and electoral cycle is conditioned by the level of presidential powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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11. Immigration and Public Support for Political Systems in Europe.
- Author
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Claassen, Christopher
- Subjects
EMIGRATION & immigration ,POLITICAL systems ,POLITICAL science - Abstract
Immigration and growing diversity have been linked with pathologies such as lower social capital, the rise of authoritarian populists, intergroup conflict, and perhaps the breakdown of democracy itself. At the heart of this complex is a question relating to migration and political culture: whether immigration erodes the attitudes that sustain and legitimize democratic political systems. This paper takes a time-series, cross-sectional approach to this question by analyzing the effects of a comprehensive set of measures of immigration on dynamic estimates of trust in democratic institutions, satisfaction with democracy, and democratic support from 30 European countries. The results show that immigration does not undermine any of these forms of public support for political systems. Indeed, under some circumstances, immigration may increase public trust in democratic institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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12. Under the Veil of Democracy: What Do People Mean When They Say They Support Democracy?
- Author
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Chapman, Hannah S., Hanson, Margaret C., Dzutsati, Valery, and DeBell, Paul
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DEMOCRACY ,CITIZENS ,PUBLIC opinion - Abstract
Scholars have expressed concern over waning support for democracy worldwide. But what do ordinary citizens mean by the term "democracy," and how do their definitions of democracy influence their support for it? Using global cross-national survey data, this study demonstrates that individual variation in the understanding of democracy is substantively linked to democratic support across countries and regime contexts. Individuals who define democracy in terms of elections and the protection of civil liberties and those with greater conceptual complexity express higher support for democracy. This relationship between democratic conceptualization and support holds across diverse political contexts and alternative explanations. These results suggest that it is essential to consider divergent conceptualizations of democracy—and how they may vary systematically—when analyzing popular opinions of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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13. Democracy, Public Support, and Measurement Uncertainty.
- Author
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TAI, YUEHONG 'CASSANDRA', HU, YUE, and SOLT, FREDERICK
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DEMOCRACY ,PUBLIC support ,MEASUREMENT uncertainty (Statistics) ,POLITICAL systems ,POLITICAL attitudes - Abstract
Do democratic regimes depend on public support to avoid backsliding? Does public support, in turn, respond thermostatically to changes in democracy? Two prominent recent studies (Claassen 2020a; 2020b) reinvigorated the classic hypothesis on the positive relationship between public support for democracy and regime survival—and challenged its reciprocal counterpart—by using a latent variable approach to measure mass democratic support from cross-national survey data. However, both studies used only the point estimates of democratic support. We show that incorporating the concomitant measurement uncertainty into these analyses reveals that there is no support for either study's conclusion. Efforts to minimize the uncertainty by incorporating additional survey data still fail to yield evidence in support of either hypothesis. These results underscore the need for both more nuanced analyses of the relationships between public support and democracy and taking measurement uncertainty into account when working with latent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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14. Dimensions of improvement in a clinical trial of N-acetyl cysteine for bipolar disorder.
- Author
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Magalhães, Pedro V., Dean, Olivia M., Bush, Ashley I., Copolov, David L., Malhi, Gin S., Kohlmann, Kristy, Jeavons, Susan, Schapkaitz, Ian, Anderson-Hunt, Murray, and Berk, Michael
- Subjects
- *
BIPOLAR disorder , *MENTAL depression , *MENTAL illness , *QUALITY of life , *INTERPERSONAL relations - Abstract
The article presents a study on the effectiveness of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) for the treatment of bipolar disorder. A total of 74 patients participated in a placebo-controlled trial and received NAC twice daily for 24 weeks to assess the relationship between functioning, quality of life, and bipolar disorder. The trial revealed that a considerable part of the impact of NAC on functioning has no relation with the change in depression.
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- 2011
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15. Validity of the Portuguese version of the Bipolar Depression Rating Scale.
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Magalhães, Pedro VS, Berk, Michael, Ceresér, Keila Maria, Kunz, Mauricio, Gomes, Fabiano Alves, Fernandes, Brisa Simões, Jakobson, Lourenço, Kapczinski, Flavio, and Gama, Clarissa Severino
- Subjects
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BIPOLAR disorder , *PSYCHOSES , *TRANSLATORS , *CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) - Abstract
The authors explore the reliability of the Portuguese version of the Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS) that has been developed to identify typical and atypical depressive symptoms as well as depressive mixed states. They note that BDRS was translated into Portuguese by two independent translators. Its structure has been evaluated using cluster analysis which involves sorting variables according to similarity on one or more dimensions. They believe that the reliability and the two-cluster solution demonstrates the validity of the scale.
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- 2010
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16. Raising the Red Flag: Democratic Elitism and the Protests in Chile.
- Author
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Rhodes-Purdy, Matthew and Rosenblatt, Fernando
- Subjects
POPULISM ,ELITISM ,DEMOCRACY - Abstract
The recent surge of global populism has led many intellectuals to call for new forms of democratic elitism. Yet research into the sources of support for political organizations and regimes predicts that suppressing opportunities for public participation will likely exacerbate antisystem political tendencies. We cite the recent protests in Chile, a nation that has employed democratic elitism more effectively than perhaps any other, as illustrative of the eventual consequences of suppressing voice. Our research indicates that empowering citizens through vibrant parties and continuous democracy is the best way to avoid populist impulses and waves of contentious politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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17. Can Courts in Nondemocracies Deter Election Fraud? De Jure Judicial Independence, Political Competition, and Election Integrity.
- Author
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HARVEY, COLE J.
- Subjects
ELECTIONS ,CORRUPT practices in elections ,JUDICIAL independence ,POLITICAL competition ,INTEGRITY ,POLITICAL science - Abstract
Many nondemocracies hold multiparty elections while also adopting institutions of de jure judicial independence; yet there is debate over how nondemocratic courts can affect election integrity. This paper argues that increased de jure independence creates incentives for opposition recourse to the courts, which reduces election fraud due to greater legal exposure for election-manipulating agents and the ruling party. However, this effect occurs only when competition is low and the ruling party has limited incentive to intervene. These predictions are distinct from those of prior work, and they are supported by an analysis of cross-national election-year data from 1945 to 2014. Preprocessing techniques are used to reduce concerns about endogeneity and confounding. The results show that principal-agent dynamics can occur in manipulated elections even when incumbents remain in office, challenge the centrality of protest risk as a deterrent to manipulation, and offer a framework for predicting when de jure reforms translate to behavioral independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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18. Governance Quality, Fairness Perceptions, and Satisfaction with Democracy in Latin America.
- Author
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Saxton, Gregory W.
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FAIRNESS ,INCOME inequality ,DEMOCRACY ,EQUALITY ,CITIZEN satisfaction ,EXERCISE - Abstract
How do individuals' fairness judgments affect their political evaluations? This article argues that when citizens perceive high levels of distributive unfairness in society, they will be less satisfied with the way democracy functions. Yet good governance—that is, impartiality in the exercise of political authority—should mitigate the negative influence of perceived distributive unfairness on satisfaction. Using a cross-national analysis of 18 Latin American countries from 2011 to 2015, this study demonstrates that individuals are significantly less satisfied with democracy when they perceive their country's income distribution as unfair. Yet good governance significantly offsets this negative relationship, even in a region with the highest level of inequality in the world. These findings imply that policymakers can bolster democratic satisfaction, even in places where citizens perceive the income distribution as fundamentally unfair, by committing to good governance and fair democratic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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19. In the Mood for Democracy? Democratic Support as Thermostatic Opinion.
- Author
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CLAASSEN, CHRISTOPHER
- Subjects
DEMOCRACY ,PUBLIC opinion ,COMPARATIVE government ,POLITICAL attitudes ,SOCIAL processes ,MOOD (Psychology) ,REPRESENTATIVE government ,MAJORITARIANISM - Abstract
Public support has long been thought crucial for the vitality and survival of democracy. Existing research has argued that democracy also creates its own demand: through early-years socialization and later-life learning, the presence of a democratic system coupled with the passage of time produces widespread public support for democracy. Using new panel measures of democratic mood varying over 135 countries and up to 30 years, this article finds little evidence for such a positive feedback effect of democracy on support. Instead, it demonstrates a negative thermostatic effect: increases in democracy depress democratic mood, while decreases cheer it. Moreover, it is increases in the liberal, counter-majoritarian aspects of democracy, not the majoritarian, electoral aspects that provoke this backlash from citizens. These novel results challenge existing research on support for democracy, but also reconcile this research with the literature on macro-opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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20. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND HOME-COUNTRY POLITICAL RISK.
- Author
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Aguiar, Sandra, Aguiar-Conraria, Luís, Gulamhussen, Mohamed Azzim, and Magalhães, Pedro C.
- Subjects
- *
FOREIGN investments , *POLITICAL risk (Foreign investments) , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *ECONOMIC policy , *INVESTMENT policy - Abstract
This article looks into the factors that explain foreign direct investment (FDI) in Brazil by country of origin. We collected a sample of 180 countries with and without FDI in Brazil. We use multiple estimation techniques and controls to isolate the effect of country political risk on outward foreign direct investment and show that countries with lower levels of political risk undertake more FDI in Brazil, and that features of the policy environment of home countries drive the negative relationship between risk and FDI. Furthermore, we show that the aspect of the political and institutional environment that is most likely to drive this negative relation between risk and investment into Brazil is related to the effectiveness of national governments. Our findings broaden the understanding of the puzzling influence of political risk on FDI observed in previous studies, correct for sampling and selection biases, and have substantive implications for policy design to attract FDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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21. Dialogue with the Dictator : Authoritarian Legitimation and Information Management in Putin's Russia
- Author
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Hannah S. Chapman and Hannah S. Chapman
- Subjects
- Political participation--Russia (Federation), Communication in politics--Russia (Federation), Mass media and public opinion--Russia (Federation), Technology and state--Russia (Federation), Authoritarianism--Russia (Federation)
- Abstract
Dialogue with the Dictator illuminates the ways in which authoritarian regimes structure interaction between citizens and leaders to simultaneously manage information dilemmas and build regime legitimacy. In doing so, it demonstrates the conditions under which managed participation can reinforce or jeopardize authoritarian control. Chapters uncover how these tools are viewed from the perspective of the public and the mechanisms through which they influence attitudes toward authorities. By cultivating limited opportunities for participation in otherwise closed political systems, autocrats bolster regime legitimacy while still maintaining control of the means and content of communication. These tools ultimately reinforce and entrench autocratic leaders rather than contributing to increased prospects for democracy – but not without consequences. Combining interviews, original surveys, and text analysis, the book provides a novel theoretical framework for understanding managed participation under authoritarianism and explains both its benefits and potential consequences for authoritarian regimes.
- Published
- 2024
22. Working Class Inclusion : Evaluations of Democratic Institutions in Latin America
- Author
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Tiffany D. Barnes, Yann P. Kerevel, Gregory W. Saxton, Tiffany D. Barnes, Yann P. Kerevel, and Gregory W. Saxton
- Subjects
- Working class--Political activity--Latin America
- Abstract
Latin American legislators, like legislators worldwide, are drawn from a narrow set of elites who are largely out of touch with average citizens. Despite comprising the vast majority of the labor force, working-class people represent a small slice of the legislature. Working Class Inclusion examines how the near exclusion of working-class citizens from legislatures affects citizens'evaluations of government. Combining surveys from across Latin America with novel data on legislators'class backgrounds and experiments from Argentina and Mexico, the book demonstrates voters want more workers in office, and when combined with policy representation, the presence of working-class legislators improves citizens'evaluations of government. Absent policy representation, however, workers are met with distrust and backlash. Chapters show citizens have many opportunities to learn about the presence, or absence, of workers; and the relationship between working-class representation and evaluations of government is strongest among citizens who are aware of legislators'class status.
- Published
- 2023
23. The Age of Discontent : Populism, Extremism, and Conspiracy Theories in Contemporary Democracies
- Author
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Matthew Rhodes-Purdy, Rachel Navarre, Stephen Utych, Matthew Rhodes-Purdy, Rachel Navarre, and Stephen Utych
- Subjects
- Political psychology, Emotions, Conspiracy theories, Radicalism, Financial crises--Psychological aspects, Financial crises--Political aspects, Social conflict
- Abstract
The years following the 2008 financial crisis produced a surge of political discontent with populism, conspiracism, and Far Right extremism rising across the world. Despite this timing, many of these movements coalesced around cultural issues rather than economic grievances. But if culture, and not economics, is the primary driver of political discontent, why did these developments emerge after a financial collapse, a pattern that repeats throughout the history of the democratic world? Using the framework of'Affective Political Economy', The Age of Discontent demonstrates that emotions borne of economic crises produce cultural discontent, thus enflaming conflicts over values and identities. The book uses this framework to explain the rise of populism and the radical right in the US, UK, Spain, and Brazil, and the social uprising in Chile. It argues that states must fulfill their roles as providers of social insurance and channels for citizen voices if they wish to turn back the tide of political discontent.
- Published
- 2023
24. Unity Through Division : Political Islam, Representation and Democracy in Indonesia
- Author
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Diego Fossati and Diego Fossati
- Subjects
- Democracy--Indonesia, Islam and politics--Indonesia, Political participation--Indonesia, Representative government and representation--Indonesia
- Abstract
Indonesia, like many other countries around the world, is currently experiencing the process of democratic backsliding, marked by a toxic mix of religious sectarianism, polarization, and executive overreach. Despite this trend, Indonesians have become more, rather than less, satisfied with their country's democratic practice. What accounts for this puzzle? Unity Through Division examines an overlooked aspect of democracy in Indonesia: political representation. In this country, an ideological cleavage between pluralism and Islamism has long characterized political competition. This cleavage, while divisive, has been a strength of Indonesia's democracy, giving meaning to political participation and allowing a degree of representation not often observed in young democracies. While the recent resurgence of radical Islam and political polarization in Indonesian politics may have contributed to democratic erosion, these factors have simultaneously clarified political alternatives and improved perceptions of representation, in turn bolstering democratic participation and satisfaction. This compelling book effectively challenges the wisdom of the role of Islam in Indonesian political life and provides a fresh analysis for debates on democratic backsliding in Indonesia and beyond.
- Published
- 2022
25. The 'Fall' of the Arab Spring : Democracy's Challenges and Efforts to Reconstitute the Middle East
- Author
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Tofigh Maboudi and Tofigh Maboudi
- Subjects
- Arab Spring, 2010-, Democratization--Arab countries, Constitutional law (Islamic law)--Arab countries, Constitutional law (Islamic law)
- Abstract
Constitutional bargains are seen as cornerstones of democratic transitions in much of the world. Yet very few studies have theorized about the link between constitution-making and democratization. Shifting the focus on democratization away from autocratic regime break down, this book considers the importance of inclusive constitution-building for democratization. In this pathbreaking volume, Tofigh Maboudi draws on a decade of research on the Arab Spring to explain when and how constitutional bargains facilitate (or hinder) democratization. Here, he argues that constitutional negotiations have a higher prospect of success in establishing democracy if they resolve societal, ideological, and political ills. Emphasizing the importance of constitution-making processes, Maboudi shows that constitutions can resolve these problems best through participatory and inclusive processes. Above all, The'Fall'of the Arab Spring demonstrates that civil society is the all-important link that connects constitutional bargaining processes to democratization.
- Published
- 2022
26. Contention in Times of Crisis : Recession and Political Protest in Thirty European Countries
- Author
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Hanspeter Kriesi, Jasmine Lorenzini, Bruno Wüest, Silja Hausermann, Hanspeter Kriesi, Jasmine Lorenzini, Bruno Wüest, and Silja Hausermann
- Subjects
- Recessions--Europe--History--21st century
- Abstract
This is the first comprehensive overview of the waves of protest mobilization that spread across Europe in the wake of the Great Recession. Documenting the extent of these protests in a study covering thirty countries, including the issues they addressed and the degree to which they replicated each other, this book maps the prevalence and nature of protest across Europe, and explains the interactions between economic and political grievances that lead to protest mobilization. The authors assess a range of claims in the literature on political protest, arguing that they tend both to overstate the importance of anti-austerity sentiments and underestimate the relevance of political grievances in driving the protest. They also integrate a study of the electoral and protest arenas, revealing that electoral mass politics has been heavily influenced protest mobilization, which amplified electoral punishment at the polls.
- Published
- 2020
27. Parliamentarism : From Burke to Weber
- Author
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William Selinger and William Selinger
- Subjects
- Representative government and representation--History, Cabinet system--History
- Abstract
For eighteenth- and nineteenth-century authors such as Burke, Constant, and Mill, a powerful representative assembly that freely deliberated and controlled the executive was the defining institution of a liberal state. Yet these figures also feared that representative assemblies were susceptible to usurpation, gridlock, and corruption. Parliamentarism was their answer to this dilemma: a constitutional model that enabled a nation to be truly governed by a representative assembly. Offering novel interpretations of canonical liberal authors, this history of liberal political ideas suggests a new paradigm for interpreting the development of modern political thought, inspiring fresh perspectives on historical issues from the eighteenth to early twentieth centuries. In doing so, Selinger suggests the wider significance of parliament and the theory of parliamentarism in the development of European political thought, revealing how contemporary democratic theory, and indeed the challenges facing representative government today, are historically indebted to classical parliamentarism.
- Published
- 2019
28. Citizenship and Contemporary Direct Democracy
- Author
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David Altman and David Altman
- Subjects
- Political participation, Direct democracy
- Abstract
Standing out from all other books on direct democracy, Citizenship and Contemporary Direct Democracy connects the study of direct democracy to the broader field of comparative democratization and to an important strand in normative democratic theory. Analyzing the relationship between direct democracy and representative government, this book is organized around three main sections: the origins of contemporary direct democracy, its functioning, and the ways to improve the use of direct democracy and its abuse. David Altman argues that citizen-initiated mechanisms of direct democracy constitute an important and viable way to re-invigorate current representative regimes by strengthening democracies'normative foundations - freedom and equity among citizens - which are particularly fragile in the context of unequal societies. Citizenship and Contemporary Direct Democracy demonstrates how citizen-initiated mechanisms of direct democracy empowers citizens, channels social demands, defuses violence, re-enchants citizens with politics, and breaks through some of the institutionalized barriers to accountability that arise in representative systems.
- Published
- 2019
29. Constitutional Courts As Mediators : Armed Conflict, Civil-Military Relations, and the Rule of Law in Latin America
- Author
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Julio Ríos-Figueroa and Julio Ríos-Figueroa
- Subjects
- Military law--Latin America, Courts of last resort--Latin America, Constitutional courts--Latin America, Civil-military relations--Latin America, Political questions and judicial power--Latin America
- Abstract
This book offers a new theoretical framework for understanding the mediator role played by constitutional courts in democratic conflict solving. The book proposes an informational theory of constitutional review in which constitutional courts obtain, process, and transmit information to parties in a way that reduces the uncertainty causing their conflict. The substantive focus of the book is the role of constitutional courts in democracies where the armed forces are fighting internal armed conflicts of different types: Colombia, Peru, and Mexico in Latin America and also Israel, Turkey, and Pakistan. Through detailed analyses of the political context, civil-military relations, and the constitutional jurisprudence on military autonomy and the regulation of the use of force the book shows that constitutional courts can be instrumental in striking a democratically accepted balance between the exercise of civilian authority and the legitimate needs of the military in its pursuit of order and national security.
- Published
- 2016
30. Information, Power, and Democracy : Liberty Is a Daughter of Knowledge
- Author
-
Nico Stehr and Nico Stehr
- Subjects
- Power (Social sciences), Liberty, Knowledge, Democracy
- Abstract
The link between liberty and knowledge is neither static nor simple. Until recently the mutual support between knowledge, science, democracy and emancipation was presupposed. Recently, however, the close relationship between democracy and knowledge has been viewed with skepticism. The growing societal reliance on specialized knowledge often appears to actually undermine democracy. Is it that we do not know enough, but that we know too much? What are the implications for the freedom of societies and their citizens? Does knowledge help or heed them in unraveling the complexity of new challenges? This book systematically explores the shifting dynamics of knowledge production and the implications for the conditions and practices of freedom. It considers the growth of knowledge about knowledge and the impact of an evolving media. It argues for a revised understanding of the societal role of knowledge and presents the concept of'knowledge societies'as a major resource for liberty.
- Published
- 2016
31. Crafting Courts in New Democracies : The Politics of Subnational Judicial Reform in Brazil and Mexico
- Author
-
Matthew C. Ingram and Matthew C. Ingram
- Subjects
- State courts--Mexico, State courts--Brazil
- Abstract
The role of Latin American courts in facilitating democracy and economic liberalization is considerable. But while national'high courts'have been closely studied, the form, function, and empowerment of local courts are still not well understood. In Crafting Courts in New Democracies, Matthew C. Ingram fills this gap by examining the varying strength of local judicial institutions in Brazil and Mexico since the 1980s. Combining statistical analysis and in-depth qualitative research, Ingram offers a rich account of the politics that shape subnational court reform in the region's two largest democracies. In contrast to previous studies, theoretical emphasis is given to the influence of political ideas over the traditional focus on objective, material incentives. Exhaustively researched and rigorously presented, this book will appeal to scholars and policymakers interested in the judiciary, institutional change, Latin America, the causal role of ideas, justice reform, and the rule of law.
- Published
- 2015
32. The Cultural Logic of Politics in Mainland China and Taiwan
- Author
-
Tianjian Shi and Tianjian Shi
- Subjects
- Political sociology, Politics and culture--Taiwan, Politics and culture--China, Political culture--Taiwan, Political culture--China
- Abstract
Tianjian Shi shows how cultural norms affect political attitudes and behavior through two causal pathways, one at the individual level and one at the community level. Focusing on two key norms - definition of self-interest and orientation to authority - he tests the theory with multiple surveys conducted in mainland China and Taiwan. Shi employs multi-level statistical analysis to show how, in these two very different political systems, similar norms exert similar kinds of influence on political trust, understanding of democracy, forms of political participation, and tolerance for protest. The approach helps to explain the resilience of authoritarian politics in China and the dissatisfaction of many Taiwan residents with democratic institutions. Aiming to place the study of political culture on a new theoretical and methodological foundation, Shi argues that a truly comparative social science must understand how culturally embedded norms influence decision making.
- Published
- 2015
33. New Constitutionalism and World Order
- Author
-
Stephen Gill, A. Claire Cutler, Stephen Gill, and A. Claire Cutler
- Subjects
- World politics--21st century, International relations, International organization, Neoliberalism, Globalization--Political aspects, Globalization--Economic aspects
- Abstract
This path-breaking collection analyses the dialectic between legal and constitutional innovations intended to inscribe corporate power and market disciplines in world order, and the potential for challenges and alternative frameworks of governance to emerge. It provides a comprehensive approach to neo-liberal constitutionalism and regulation and limits to policy autonomy of states, and how this disciplines populations according to the intensifying demands of corporations and market forces in global market civilization. Contributors examine global and local public policy challenges and consider if the ongoing crises of capitalism and world order offer states and societies opportunities to challenge this loss of policy autonomy and potentially to refashion world order. Integrating approaches to governance and world order from both leading and emerging scholars, this is an innovative, indispensable source for policy-makers, civil society organizations, professionals and students in law, politics, economics, sociology, philosophy and international relations.
- Published
- 2014
34. The Politics of Market Discipline in Latin America : Globalization and Democracy
- Author
-
Daniela Campello and Daniela Campello
- Subjects
- Capital market--Political aspects--Latin America, Finance--Political aspects--Latin America, Right and left (Political science)--Economic aspects--Latin America, Elections--Economic aspects--Latin America
- Abstract
The Politics of Market Discipline in Latin America uses a multi-method approach to challenge the conventional wisdom that financial markets impose broad and severe constraints over leftist economic policies in emerging market countries. It shows, rather, that in Latin America, this influence varies markedly among countries and over time, depending on cycles of currency booms and crises exogenous to policy making. Market discipline is strongest during periods of dollar scarcity, which, in low-savings commodity-exporting countries, occurs when commodity prices are high and international interest rates low. In periods of dollar abundance, when the opposite happens, the market's capacity to constrain leftist governments is very limited. Ultimately, Daniela Campello argues that financial integration should force the Left toward the center in economies less subject to these cycles, but not in those most vulnerable to them.
- Published
- 2014
35. Party System Change in Legislatures Worldwide : Moving Outside the Electoral Arena
- Author
-
Carol Mershon, Olga Shvetsova, Carol Mershon, and Olga Shvetsova
- Subjects
- Party affiliation--Cross-cultural studies, Political parties--Cross-cultural studies, Legislators--Cross-cultural studies, Legislative bodies--Cross-cultural studies
- Abstract
In this book, Carol Mershon and Olga Shvetsova explore one of the central questions in democratic politics: how much autonomy do elected politicians have to shape and reshape the party system on their own, without the direct involvement of voters in elections? Mershon and Shvetsova's theory focuses on the choices of party membership made by legislators while serving in office. It identifies the inducements and impediments to legislators'changes of partisan affiliation, and integrates strategic and institutional approaches to the study of parties and party systems. With empirical analyses comparing nine countries that differ in electoral laws, territorial governance and executive-legislative relations, Mershon and Shvetsova find that strategic incumbents have the capacity to reconfigure the party system as established in elections. Representatives are motivated to bring about change by opportunities arising during the parliamentary term, and are deterred from doing so by the elemental democratic practice of elections.
- Published
- 2013
36. Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions
- Author
-
Denis J. Galligan, Mila Versteeg, Denis J. Galligan, and Mila Versteeg
- Subjects
- Constitutions, Constitutional law--Social aspects, Constitutional law--Political aspects
- Abstract
This volume analyses the social and political forces that influence constitutions and the process of constitution making. It combines theoretical perspectives on the social and political foundations of constitutions with a range of detailed case studies from nineteen countries. In the first part leading scholars analyse and develop a range of theoretical perspectives, including constitutions as coordination devices, mission statements, contracts, products of domestic power play, transnational documents, and as reflection of the will of the people. In the second part these theories are examined through in-depth case studies of the social and political foundations of constitutions in countries such as Egypt, Nigeria, Japan, Romania, Bulgaria, New Zealand, Israel, Argentina and others. The result is a multidimensional study of constitutions as social phenomena and their interaction with other social phenomena.
- Published
- 2013
37. Consequential Courts : Judicial Roles in Global Perspective
- Author
-
Diana Kapiszewski, Gordon Silverstein, Robert A. Kagan, Diana Kapiszewski, Gordon Silverstein, and Robert A. Kagan
- Subjects
- Courts, Judicial power, Political questions and judicial power
- Abstract
In the early twenty-first century, courts have become versatile actors in the governance of many constitutional democracies, and judges play a variety of roles in politics and policy making. Assembling papers penned by academic specialists on high courts around the world, and presented during a year-long Andrew W. Mellon Foundation John E. Sawyer Seminar at the University of California, Berkeley, this volume maps the roles in governance that courts are undertaking and the ways they have come to matter in the political life of their nations. It offers empirically rich accounts of dramatic judicial actions in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, exploring the political conditions and judicial strategies that have fostered those assertions of power and evaluating when and how courts'performance of new roles has been politically consequential. By focusing on the content and consequences of judicial power, the book advances a new agenda for the comparative study of courts.
- Published
- 2013
38. An African Slaving Port and the Atlantic World : Benguela and Its Hinterland
- Author
-
Mariana Candido and Mariana Candido
- Subjects
- Slave trade--Africa, West--History
- Abstract
This book traces the history and development of the port of Benguela, the third largest port of slave embarkation on the coast of Africa, from the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Benguela, located on the central coast of present-day Angola, was founded by the Portuguese in the early seventeenth century. In discussing the impact of the transatlantic slave trade on African societies, Mariana P. Candido explores the formation of new elites, the collapse of old states and the emergence of new states. Placing Benguela in an Atlantic perspective, this study shows how events in the Caribbean and Brazil affected social and political changes on the African coast. This book emphasizes the importance of the South Atlantic as a space for the circulation of people, ideas and crops.
- Published
- 2013
39. High Courts and Economic Governance in Argentina and Brazil
- Author
-
Diana Kapiszewski and Diana Kapiszewski
- Subjects
- Political questions and judicial power--Brazil, Political questions and judicial power--Argentina, Courts of last resort--Argentina, Courts of last resort--Brazil
- Abstract
High Courts and Economic Governance in Argentina and Brazil analyzes how high courts and elected leaders in Latin America interacted over neoliberal restructuring, one of the most significant socioeconomic transformations in recent decades. Courts face a critical choice when deciding cases concerning national economic policy, weighing rule of law concerns against economic imperatives. Elected leaders confront equally difficult dilemmas when courts issue decisions challenging their actions. Based on extensive fieldwork in Argentina and Brazil, this study identifies striking variation in inter-branch interactions between the two countries. In Argentina, while the high court often defers to politicians in the economic realm, inter-branch relations are punctuated by tense bouts of conflict. The Brazilian high court and elected officials, by contrast, routinely accommodate one another in their decisions about economic policy. Diana Kapiszewski argues that the two high courts'contrasting characters - political in Argentina and statesman-like in Brazil - shape their decisions on controversial cases and condition how elected leaders respond to their rulings, channeling inter-branch interactions into persistent patterns.
- Published
- 2012
40. Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability : Comparative and International Perspectives
- Author
-
Francesca Lessa, Leigh A. Payne, Francesca Lessa, and Leigh A. Payne
- Subjects
- Liability (Law), Amnesty, Human rights
- Abstract
This edited volume brings together well-established and emerging scholars of transitional justice to discuss the persistence of amnesty in the age of human rights accountability. The volume attempts to reframe debates, moving beyond the limited approaches of'truth versus justice'or'stability versus accountability'in which many of these issues have been cast in the existing scholarship. The theoretical and empirical contributions in this book offer new ways of understanding and tackling the enduring persistence of amnesty in the age of accountability. In addition to cross-national studies, the volume encompasses eleven country cases of amnesty for past human rights violations: Argentina, Brazil, Cambodia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Rwanda, South Africa, Spain, Uganda and Uruguay. The volume goes beyond merely describing these case studies, but also considers what we learn from them in terms of overcoming impunity and promoting accountability to contribute to improvements in human rights and democracy.
- Published
- 2012
41. A Sociology of Constitutions : Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-Sociological Perspective
- Author
-
Chris Thornhill and Chris Thornhill
- Subjects
- Constitutional history, Constitutional law--Social aspects
- Abstract
Using a methodology that both analyzes particular constitutional texts and theories and reconstructs their historical evolution, Chris Thornhill examines the social role and legitimating status of constitutions from the first quasi-constitutional documents of medieval Europe, through the classical period of revolutionary constitutionalism, to recent processes of constitutional transition. A Sociology of Constitutions explores the reasons why modern societies require constitutions and constitutional norms and presents a distinctive socio-normative analysis of the constitutional preconditions of political legitimacy.
- Published
- 2011
42. Direct Democracy Worldwide
- Author
-
David Altman and David Altman
- Subjects
- Comparative government, Direct democracy
- Abstract
Challenging the common assumption that models of direct democracy and representative democracy are necessarily at odds, Direct Democracy Worldwide demonstrates how practices of direct and representative democracy interact under different institutional settings and uncovers the conditions that allow them to coexist in a mutually reinforcing manner. Whereas citizen-initiated mechanisms of direct democracy can spur productive relationships between citizens and political parties, other mechanisms of direct democracy often help leaders bypass other representative institutions, undermining republican checks and balances. The book also demonstrates that the embrace of direct democracy is costly, may generate uncertainties and inconsistencies, and can be manipulated. Nonetheless, the promise of direct democracy should not be dismissed. Direct democracy is much more than a simple, pragmatic second choice when representative democracy seems not to be working as expected. Properly designed, it can empower citizens, breaking through some of the institutionalized barriers to accountability that arise in representative systems.
- Published
- 2011
43. Democratic Deficit : Critical Citizens Revisited
- Author
-
Pippa Norris and Pippa Norris
- Subjects
- Political indicators, Comparative government, Democratization, Democracy, Public administration--Evaluation
- Abstract
Many fear that democracies are suffering from a legitimacy crisis. This book focuses on'democratic deficits', reflecting how far the perceived democratic performance of any state diverges from public expectations. Pippa Norris examines the symptoms by comparing system support in more than fifty societies worldwide, challenging the pervasive claim that most established democracies have experienced a steadily rising tide of political disaffection during the third-wave era. The book diagnoses the reasons behind the democratic deficit, including demand (rising public aspirations for democracy), information (negative news about government) and supply (the performance and structure of democratic regimes). Finally, Norris examines the consequences for active citizenship, for governance and, ultimately, for democratization. This book provides fresh insights into major issues at the heart of comparative politics, public opinion, political culture, political behavior, democratic governance, political psychology, political communications, public policymaking, comparative sociology, cross-national survey analysis and the dynamics of the democratization process.
- Published
- 2011
44. Judging Russia : The Role of the Constitutional Court in Russian Politics 1990–2006
- Author
-
Alexei Trochev and Alexei Trochev
- Subjects
- Judicial review--Russia (Federation)--History, Constitutional law--Russia (Federation)--History, Constitutional courts--Russia (Federation)--History
- Abstract
This is a study of the actual role that the Russian Constitutional Court played in protecting fundamental rights and resolving legislative-executive struggles and federalism disputes in both Yeltsin's and Putin's Russia. Trochev argues that judicial empowerment is a non-linear process with unintended consequences and that courts that depend on their reputation flourish only if an effective and capable state is there to support them. This is because judges can rely only on the authoritativeness of their judgments, unlike politicians and bureaucrats, who have the material resources necessary to respond to judicial decisions. Drawing upon systematic analysis of all decisions of the Russian Court (published and unpublished) and previously unavailable materials on their (non-)implementation, and resting on a combination of the approaches from comparative politics, law, and public administration, this book shows how and why judges attempted to reform Russia's governance and fought to ensure compliance with their judgments.
- Published
- 2008
45. Controlling Governments : Voters, Institutions, and Accountability
- Author
-
José María Maravall, Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, José María Maravall, and Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca
- Subjects
- Comparative government, Democracy, Political participation--Case studies, Voting--Case studies, Elections--Case studies
- Abstract
How much influence do citizens have to control the government? What guides voters at election time? Why do governments survive? How do institutions modify the power of the people over politicians? The book combines academic analytical rigor with comparative analysis to identify how much information voters must have to select a politician for office, or for holding a government accountable; whether parties in power can help voters to control their governments; how different institutional arrangements influence voters'control; why politicians choose particular electoral systems; and what economic and social conditions may undermine not only governments, but democracy. Arguments are backed by vast macro and micro empirical evidence. There are cross-country comparisons and survey analyses of many countries. In every case there has been an attempt to integrate analytical arguments and empirical research. The goal is to shed new light on perplexing questions of positive democratic theory.
- Published
- 2008
46. Rule by Law : The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes
- Author
-
Tom Ginsburg, Tamir Moustafa, Tom Ginsburg, and Tamir Moustafa
- Subjects
- Judicial process, Authoritarianism, Political questions and judicial power, Courts--Political aspects, Justice, Administration of--Political aspects
- Abstract
Scholars have generally assumed that courts in authoritarian states are pawns of their regimes, upholding the interests of governing elites and frustrating the efforts of their opponents. As a result, nearly all studies in comparative judicial politics have focused on democratic and democratizing countries. This volume brings together leading scholars in comparative judicial politics to consider the causes and consequences of judicial empowerment in authoritarian states. It demonstrates the wide range of governance tasks that courts perform, as well as the way in which courts can serve as critical sites of contention both among the ruling elite and between regimes and their citizens. Drawing on empirical and theoretical insights from every major region of the world, this volume advances our understanding of judicial politics in authoritarian regimes.
- Published
- 2008
47. The Politics of Constitutional Review in Germany
- Author
-
Georg Vanberg and Georg Vanberg
- Subjects
- Judicial review--Germany--Public opinion, Judicial review--Political aspects--Germany
- Abstract
Constitutional courts have emerged as central institutions in many advanced democracies. This book investigates the sources and the limits of judicial authority, focusing on the central role of public support for judicial independence. The empirical sections of the book illustrate the theoretical argument in an in-depth study of the German Federal Constitutional Court, including statistical analysis of judicial decisions, case studies, and interviews with judges and legislators. The book's major finding is that the interests of governing majorities, prevailing public opinion, and the transparency of the political environment exert a powerful influence on judicial decisions. Judges are influenced not only by jurisprudential considerations and their policy preferences, but also by strategic concerns. By highlighting this dimension of constitutional review, the book challenges the contention that high court justices are largely unconstrained actors as well as the notion that constitutional courts lack democratic legitimacy.
- Published
- 2005
48. Democracy and the Rule of Law
- Author
-
José María Maravall, Adam Przeworski, José María Maravall, and Adam Przeworski
- Subjects
- Rule of law--Congresses, Democracy--Congresses
- Abstract
This book addresses the question of why governments sometimes follow the law and other times choose to evade the law. The traditional answer of jurists has been that laws have an autonomous causal efficacy: law rules when actions follow anterior norms; the relation between laws and actions is one of obedience, obligation, or compliance. Contrary to this conception, the authors defend a positive interpretation where the rule of law results from the strategic choices of relevant actors. Rule of law is just one possible outcome in which political actors process their conflicts using whatever resources they can muster: only when these actors seek to resolve their conflicts by recourse to la, does law rule. What distinguishes'rule-of-law'as an institutional equilibrium from'rule-by-law'is the distribution of power. The former emerges when no one group is strong enough to dominate the others and when the many use institutions to promote their interest.
- Published
- 2003
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