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Altruistic behavhior may have evolved and survived as a human trait through is this type of behavior periodically selects against individuals who do not cooperate and creates social groupings among individuals who do cooperate among themselves. Thus, and individual theory of altruism also accomodates group selection as valid explanation for group behavior as a means of advancing human evolution.

Rachlin's attack on the internal commitment model rests on the demonstrably false claim that self-punishment does not exist. He is correct that habits are an effective device for solving self-control problems, but his additional claim that they are the only such device makes it hard to explain how good habits develop in the first place. Someone with a self-control problem would always choose the spuriously attractive reward, which, over time, would create bad habits.