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Currently, 7 named Sarcocystis species infect cattle: Sarcocystis hirsuta, S. cruzi, S. hominis, S. bovifelis, S. heydorni, S. bovini and S. rommeli; other, unnamed species also infect cattle. Of these parasites of cattle, a complete life cycle description is known only for S. cruzi, the most pathogenic species in cattle. The life cycle of S. cruzi was completed experimentally in 1982, before related parasite species were structurally characterized, and before the advent of molecular diagnostics; to our knowledge, no archived frozen tissues from the cattle employed in the original descriptions remain for DNA characterization. Here, we isolated DNA from a paraffin-embedded kidney of a calf experimentally infected with S. cruzi in 1980; we then sequenced portions of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, COX1 and Acetyl CoA genes and verified that each shares 99–100% similarity to other available isolates attributed to S. cruzi from naturally infected cattle. We also reevaluated histological sections of tissues of calves experimentally infected with S. cruzi in the original description, exploiting improvements in photographic technology to render clearer morphological detail. Finally, we reviewed all available studies of the life cycle of S. cruzi, noting that S. cruzi was transmitted between bison (Bison bison) and cattle (Bos taurus) and that the strain of parasite derived from bison appeared more pathogenic than the cattle strain. Based on these newfound molecular, morphological and physiological data, we thereby redescribed S. cruzi and deposited reference material in the Smithsonian Museum for posterity.

Exorcismos de esti(l)o is one of Guillermo Cabrera Infante’s least studied books. It is nevertheless of essential importance for understanding the entirety of his poetics. It is a book that condenses the pain of the ostracism and the betrayal inflicted by the revolutionary regime that Cabrera had so strongly supported. The purpose of this article is to highlight the implicit elements of the text that support this hypothesis. It considers the strategies used by the author throughout Exorcismos de esti(l)o to practice the language with which he obsessively tries to draw, in his novelas del yo, a portrait of a lost and unrecoverable Havana, the hopeful Havana preceding the Cuban Revolution. It is an impossible yet obstinate mission. This is why the texts that articulate the impossibility of representation and the anguish that this mission generates deserve special attention.

Exorcismos de esti(l)o is one of Guillermo Cabrera Infante’s least studied books. It is nevertheless of essential importance for understanding the entirety of his poetics. It is a book that condenses the pain of the ostracism and the betrayal inflicted by the revolutionary regime that Cabrera had so strongly supported. The purpose of this article is to highlight the implicit elements of the text that support this hypothesis. It considers the strategies used by the author throughout Exorcismos de esti(l)o to practice the language with which he obsessively tries to draw, in his novelas del yo, a portrait of a lost and unrecoverable Havana, the hopeful Havana preceding the Cuban Revolution. It is an impossible yet obstinate mission. This is why the texts that articulate the impossibility of representation and the anguish that this mission generates deserve special attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo examina a ascensão e a queda da empresa Engesa-Engenheiros Especializados, especialmente entre 1974 e 1990. O artigo é resultado de pesquisa com fontes documentais recentemente desclassificadas pelo Arquivo Nacional. A documentação consultada sugere que, na fase de ascensão, a Engesa foi impulsionada por uma eficiente vinculação entre indústria de defesa, exportação de armamento e política externa brasileira, principalmente durante os governos burocrático-autoritários de Ernesto Geisel e João Figueiredo. Entretanto, fragilidades financeiras e administrativas, junto a uma infrutuosa e dispendiosa tentativa de salto tecnológico, acabaram colocando a empresa em uma situação insustentável, conduzindo finalmente à sua queda e falência no início da década de 1990. A experiência da Engesa constitui um exemplo significativo nas pesquisas sobre inovação tecnológica, estudos estratégicos e relações internacionais.

The article examines the rise and fall of the firm Engesa-Engenheiros Especializados, especially between 1974 and 1990. The article is the result of research with documentary sources recently declassified by the National Archives. The consulted documentation suggests that, in its ascendant phase, Engesa was driven by an efficient link between the defense industry, arms exports, and Brazilian foreign policy, mainly during the bureaucratic-authoritarian governments of Ernesto Geisel and João Figueiredo. However, financial and administrative weaknesses, along with an unsuccessful and costly attempt to make a technological leap, put the firm in an unsustainable situation, finally leading to its fall and bankruptcy in the early 1990s. Engesa’s experience is a paradigmatic example in studies of technological innovation, strategic research, and international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the last decades of the twentieth century, above all, in the more service-oriented post-industrial economies, and in a context of debilitation of public health systems, health care became exponentially profitable, thereby attracting new types of investors. In fact, this new stage entails moving from the commercialisation of health care to its financialisation; that is, medical care becomes just one more financial asset and its price and quality are quoted on the stock exchange. This study intends to participate in the debate initiated by historians of medicine and economic historians with the aim of tracing capitalist traits and market participation in the evolution of health coverage, a process initially promoted by professional doctors who converted their consulting rooms into small clinics and larger hospital companies and which, over time, saw the incorporation of financial capital. In particular, this paper has two specific objectives for the case of Spain. First, to analyse the relationship of collaboration and/or competition between public and private hospitals under democracy and the factors that have conditioned this relationship. Second, to make an initial contribution towards understanding how, in this context, the large private hospital groups have been created in Spain during this period, especially in recent decades with concentration in the hands of financial capital, originating from both the traditional banking sector and investment funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few decades, an extraordinary amount has changed in our understanding of the history of international humanitarian law (IHL). This article addresses the latest findings in this new historiography, placing contemporary IHL issues in a broader historical context and sharing the author's own experiences as a researcher exploring the discipline's practice from a historical perspective. Ultimately, he makes a passionate case for history – by showing why this discipline has a lot to offer for practitioners of international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores how the drafters of international humanitarian law (IHL) incorporated the past into their work between 1860 and 2020, and how they approached time, memory and history as indicators for this view of the past. Its sources consist of the complete series of general conventional and customary IHL instruments as well as the leading commentaries on them. For the IHL view of time, the impact of legal principles on the perception of time is scrutinized. Balancing nonretroactivity against customary international law and the humanity principle broadens the temporal scope towards the past, while balancing legal forgetting against imprescriptibility and State succession broadens it towards the future. For the IHL view of memory, dead persons and cultural heritage are seen as crucial vectors. Attention to the fate of the dead has been a constant hallmark of IHL, while care for cultural heritage has an even longer pedigree. For the IHL view of history, the essay highlights that the International Committee of the Red Cross has consistently advocated State duties to the war dead and has organized an archival infrastructure to satisfy the need – later converted into a right – of families and society to search for the historical truth about them. Furthermore, the responses of IHL drafters to five major historical challenges are examined. First, while in the realm of war crimes impunity prevailed for most of history, after World War II a system of war crimes trials was mounted, culminating in the International Criminal Court. Second, soul-searching about the atrocities of World War II, including the Holocaust, helped create Geneva Convention IV of 1949, which protects civilians in wartime. Third, the human rights idea was not fully embraced by IHL treaty drafters until 1968. Fourth, the IHL approach to civil wars was slow and incomplete, but its appearance in 1949 and coming of age in 1977 were breakthroughs nevertheless. Fifth, colonial conflicts were not recognized as international wars in 1949, when this could have had considerable impact, but only in 1977, when decolonization was largely over. In all cases, the responses to these historical challenges came after long delays. Clearly, the IHL view of the past has to be assessed on a transgenerational scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, 'Have we lost sleep? A reconsideration of segmented sleep in early modern England', Medical History , 67, 2 (2023), 91-108, by Niall Boyce is devoted to criticising my historical research pertaining to 1) the predominance of segmented sleep in the pre-industrial Western world and 2) the nineteenth-century transition of sleep to today's pattern of continuous slumber that most people in modern societies seek to achieve, albeit not always successfully. This response addresses Boyce's reinterpretation of the evidence and indicates whether this is erroneous or selective. My analysis thereby reasserts the predominance of segmented sleep in pre-modern Western Europe. Boyce's assessment rests not on his original investigation of primary sources but on my first study relating to segmented sleep, published in 2001. Not least of the flaws of 'Have We Lost Sleep?' is its surprising inattention to my subsequent works that have expanded, modified, and bolstered this initial publication.

This article comparatively analyzes some converging aspects of the work of the German thinker Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) and the Uruguayan writer Eduardo Galeano (1940–2015). Certain affinities are presented between the two authors with regard to the proposition of a critique of official history, as conceived from the ruling classes, in favor of recovering the memory of social groups subjected to violence and oppression. Also highlighted are the methodological correspondences on the use of analogies and metaphors by both authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Transhistorical psychiatry defends that a psychic alteration can be interpreted as a cultural, historical and personal construction, subject to incessant variations. Objectives A journey through the history of the disorder and the successive pathomorphoses it has undergone could provide us with a better understanding of it and explain the reason for the epidemiological trend towards a decrease in its diagnosis; and bring us closer to a universal definition of the phenomenon. Methods Bibliographic review Results The word hysteria and all its subsequent meanings, not only contain a particular conception of the pathology, but also reflect its different forms of presentation in specific periods of time. Hysteria is presented as a voluble material that can take on any form: from the wandering womb theory of classical Greece to the demonic possessions of the Middle Ages; from the neurological degeneration of Charcot (1825-1893) to the conversion and dissociation of Freud (1856-1939). With the entry of the 20th century, its dramatic clinic has been progressively overshadowed by somatoform disorders and emerging functional somatic syndromes. Today, it is practically unrecognisable and very difficult to diagnose, to the point of having disappeared as a term from the official classifications of our time. Conclusions Hysteria is an entity that has not always been the same, neither in its conception nor in its manifestations. Depending on the socio-cultural context in which it is framed, it will be interpreted and expressed in different ways. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction In the late XIXth century Kraepelin described a new nosologic division for the psycothic disorders – Paranoia and Dementia Praecox. He emphasized that dementia praecox is a central nervous system disease, involving permanent lesions on cerebral cortex. Besides biological deterioration, it appears as the result of psychic degenerative process. From the mid-20th century onward, antipsychotic drugs had been robustly generalized, and in parallel to the current classifications, residual symptoms in schizophrenia tend to be rare but still prevail in our patients. Objectives The aim of our work is to report a clinical case of residual schizophrenia in parallel with the classic classification of Dementia Praecox and also do an overview of this disorder and its historical perspective. Methods We conducted clinical interviews with the patient and family members, reviewed clinical records and conducted a query in the MEDLINE database using the terms " Dementia Praecox ", “Psychosis”, “Paranoia”, “Kraepelin”, “History”. Results We present the clinical case of a 74-year-old man with onset of psychotic symptoms on his twenties and diagnosed with Schizophrenia. In the past years, after acute psychotic episodes it was increasingly difficult to return to prior levels of functioning. Currently, he was brought to psychiatric emergency ward presenting bizarre behavior, stereotyped movements and speech disturbances, which reveal disorganized thinking and inability to express his emotions. Conclusions Although these syndromes are nowadays relatively rare, it is important to keep them in mind, in order to understand the natural progression of psychotic diseases, improve their rehabilitative treatment and prognosis. Disclosure No significant relationships.

The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the field of business ethics in the U.S. remains understudied and misunderstood. In this article I begin to remedy this oversight about the past, and I suggest how it can be beneficial in the present. Using both published and unpublished primary sources, I argue that the business ethics field emerged in the early twentieth century, against the backdrop of the establishment of business schools in major universities. I bring to light four important developments: business ethics lectures at the University of California and Yale University, Leon Marshall's curriculum at the College of Commerce of the University of Chicago, and the William A. Vawter Foundation on Business Ethics at Northwestern University. Then, I consider the payoffs of my historical account for business ethics theory, pedagogy, and practice. Specifically, I present four implications of my account under these headings: business ethics as a public problem; the place of ethics in business schools; historicizing business ethics; and historical self-knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This address uses the question "Is business ethics getting better?" as a heuristic for discussing the importance of history in understanding business and ethics. The paper uses a number of examples to illustrate how the same ethical problems in business have been around for a long time. It describes early attempts at the Harvard Business School to use business history as a means of teaching students about moral and social values. In the end, the author suggests that history may be another way to teach ethics, enrich business ethics courses, and develop the perspective and vision in future business leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Richard Rorty's arguments against any attempt to validate objective truth or norms. Rorty believes that no perspective on the discipline of business ethics can be objectively true because the world we experience is constantly shaped by culture and history. Rorty feels that the standard for assessing an account of history should not focus on truth, but rather whether it enabled people to achieve social justice and ameliorate suffering. Rorty criticizes the injustice and pain resulting from the spread of global capitalism.

Since the Enlightenment our attachment to the past has been greatly weakened, in some areas of social life it has almost ceased to exist. This characteristic of the modern mind is seen as an overreaction. The modern mind has lost the capacity to appreciate the positive contribution the maintenance of the past in the present achieves in social life, especially in the sphere of moral conduct. In the field of organization theory, nowhere is the past as explicitly distrusted as in critical organization theory. The maintenance of the past in the present is seen as a potential carrier of oppressive and unjust social relationships. Perpetual critique is advocated as a means to uncover these oppressive and unjust relations and prevent any new undemocratic relations from becoming established. I present an historical and cultural analysis of the modem attitude toward the past and develop a concept of moral tradition to analyze critical organization theory's ethical assumptions and implications. In so doing, an effort is made to rectify the exaggerated confidence critical organization theory places in rationalism and individualism and to recognize the ineluctable role traditions play not only in organizational life, but also in the way we theorize about organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research shows that emerging markets are distinguished by high returns and low covariances with global market factors. To check whether these results can be attributed to their recent emergence, we simulate a simple, general model of global markets with a realistic survival process. The simulations reveal a number of new effects. We find that pre-emergence returns are systematically lower than post-emergence returns, and that the brevity of a market history is related to the bias in returns as well as to the world beta. These patterns are confirmed by an empirical analysis of emerging and submerged markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1822, the Russian czar resolved a dispute over compensation for slaves fleeing to British lines during the War of 1812. American observers have long asserted that this canonical decision favored the United States. But new debate has recently arisen among historians. Uncovering evidence from diplomatic archives, this Article concludes that the czar did indeed side with the United States. Moreover, the case demonstrates how nineteenth-century American statesmen pressed international law into service in support of slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presidents of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) occupy a special position: they are not only direct witnesses to the march of history, but they also participate in it given their prominent role in the humanitarian sphere. This dual status becomes particularly salient when they write about the organization they run. By reviewing the published writings of ICRC presidents, this article analyzes how these individuals combine their personal experience with the organization's history, and the role this history plays in their writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is remembrance an absolute moral duty or is it better thought of in more ethically constricted pragmatic and empirical terms? This essay argues that both individuals and societies should strive for remembrance where possible, but accept that there are times and places where more forgetting is the only safe choice to make. One may hope that at some point in the future the need to remember will sweep away a prudential decision to forget, but while we are within our moral rights to hope that, in a given case, forgetting itself will outlive its usefulness, conflating our wishes with teleological certainties is an exercise in hubris, not morality. But on no account should memory be thought of as a categorical imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the Catholic natural law tradition by examining its origins in the medieval penitentials, the papal decretals, the writings of Thomas Aquinas, and seventeenth century casuistry. Catholic natural law emerges as a flexible ethic that conceives of human nature as rational and as oriented to certain basic goods that ought to be pursued and whose pursuit is made possible by the virtues. We then identify four approaches to natural law that have evolved within the United States during the twentieth century, including the traditionalist, proportionalist, right reason, and historicist approaches. The normative implications of these approaches are discussed in relation to ethical issues in the tobacco industry, ITT under Geneen, the marketing of Pharmaceuticals, affirmative action, and bribery. It is argued that Alasdair Maclntyre is correct in claiming that the natural law tradition is superior to the liberal ethics of modern deontology and utilitarianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses concepts from sociology, history, and philosophy to explore the shifting relationship between moral values and business in the Western world. We examine the historical roots and intellectual underpinnings of two major business-society paradigms in ideal-type terms. In pre-industrial Western society, we argue that business activity was linked to society's values of morality (the moral unity paradigm)--for good or for ill. With the rise of industrialism, we contend that business was freed from moral constraints by the alleged "invisible hand" of efficient markets (the amoral theory of business). Armed with this understanding of the intellectual history of the moral unity and amoral business-society paradigms, we suggest that some variant of the moral unity paradigm may be recurring in post-industrial society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses a paper written by David Vogel regarding the history of business ethics. Vogel discusses the lack of historical perspective in texts on business ethics and comments on Biblical scripture regarding Jesus Christ's views on the morality of business. The author suggests theologians and historians have found no evidence that Christians were instructed to abandon their businesses and material goods. He discusses Vogel's statement that medieval conceptions of just prices continue to affect modern business and comments that the writings of Thomas Aquinas influenced the perception of usury, rather than Aristotle as Vogel suggests.

This paper traces the historical roots of some of our current preoccupations with the ethics of business. Its central argument is that many of the contemporary criteria that we use to evaluate the ethics of business are not new; rather, they date back several centuries. This paper illustrates this thesis by comparing historical and contemporary discussions of three sets of issues: the relationship between ethics and profits, the relationship between private gain and the public good and the tension between the results of capitalism and the intentions of businessmen. The fact that these tensions are inherent in the nature of capitalism, if not in human nature itself, does not make our contemporary concerns or standards any less valid. On the contrary, it underlies their significance. Contemporary discussions of business ethics constitute part of an ongoing moral dialogue with both deep secular and religious roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine market efficiency before and after the 1987 Market Crash using the box spread strategy implemented with European-style S&P 500 Index (SPX) options. Before the Crash, apparent arbitrage opportunities were rare and simulated trades were unprofitable assuming a one-minute execution delay. After the Crash, apparent arbitrage opportunities were frequent and simulated trades were profitable even assuming a five-minute execution delay. Our analysis makes the routine assumption that quotes are good until updated to construct a time series of prevailing quotes sampled at 30-second intervals. If this assumption is valid, then arbitrage profits were actually available. If this assumption is invalid, then such profits could have been illusory. Either scenario, however, implies that SPX market efficiency decreased following the Crash--prevailing price quotes repeatedly failed to satisfy the fundamental parity relation underlying the box spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the changes over interest rates for U.S. savings deposits between 1936 and 1966. The word for these changes is known as disintermediation. The authors assert that the volatility of savings deposits began to increase in 1950 for savings and loan institutions and credit unions and in 1945 for mutual savings banks. The authors examine the changes for savings deposits by making yearly estimates of the elasticity of these deposits with respect to deposit rates at several differing financial institutions.

The central question of this paper is "how well can corporate bond ratings be explained by available financial and operating statistics?" This question may be reversed to ask, "how important to the determination of bond ratings are the 'intangibles of judgment' and the data that are presumably available to the professional rater, but not available in widely published data on the firm?" To provide evidence on this question, we have estimated the parameters of several regression equations designed to explain variations in the bond ratings. Before addressing this question, the authors present some comments on the importance and history of bond ratings (Section It). Prior studies of bond ratings are reviewed in Section III. Section IV discusses statistical methods and data. Variables that are believed to Be relevant determinants of bond ratings are defined, and the samples of industrial, railroad, and public utility bonds used in this study are described. This study is limited to the first four bond quality ratings — namely, Aaa, Aa, A, and Baa for each of these three traditional industrial classifications. Five explanatory variables are used: earnings coverage, long-term debt to capitalization, profitability, earnings instability, and asset size. Average values of these explanatory variables for each quality rating and industrial classification for the period 1961 through 1966 are also presented in this section. When presenting the empirical results of the study (Section V), we discuss the relative importance of the five variables in the statistical explanation of bond ratings, as well as their overall ability to explain bond ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]