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A new study investigates why the liberalization of the automotive fuels sector in Spain did not results in competition in the market and shows how the restructured system became an essential facility after being formally liberalized.

The Korean petroleum industry has responded to market demand and expanded production in its refineries to 2,438,000 barrels per day, making it the fourth largest oil importer in the world. Increases in energy demand were forecast due to high economic growth and industrial expansion with an annual rate of some 9.3% in the ten year period between 1985 to 1995. A decrease in growth rates was evident in 1993 and a long-term rate reduction is expected due to trade liberalization, development of indigenous non-oil energy, and increased tax rates on oil consumption.