79 results on '"Davey-Smith, G"'
Search Results
2. Mortality at ages 50-59 and deprivation at early and late stages of the life course in Wales
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Vescio, M.F., Brookes, S.T., Sterne, J., Moore, L., Rezza, G., and Davey Smith, G.
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Mortality -- United Kingdom ,Mortality -- Demographic aspects ,Mortality -- Research ,Relative deprivation -- Health aspects ,Relative deprivation -- Demographic aspects ,Relative deprivation -- Research ,Health behavior -- Demographic aspects ,Health behavior -- Research ,Health ,Social sciences - Published
- 2009
3. Association between early life history of respiratory disease and morbidity and mortality in adulthood
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Galobardes, B., McCarron, P., and Davey Smith, G.
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Respiratory tract diseases -- Patient outcomes ,Respiratory tract diseases -- Research ,Medical history taking -- Research ,Morbidity -- Research ,Mortality -- United Kingdom ,Mortality -- Research ,Health - Published
- 2008
4. Social inequality in fetal growth: a comparative study of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in the period 1981-2000
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Mortensen, L.H., Diderichsen, F., Arntzen, A., Gissler, M., Cnattingius, S., Schnor, O., Davey-Smith, G., and Andersen, A.-M. Nybo
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Social classes -- Influence ,Social classes -- Research ,Recessions -- Sweden ,Recessions -- Norway ,Recessions -- Finland ,Recessions -- Denmark ,Recessions -- Influence ,Recessions -- Health aspects ,Fetus -- Growth ,Fetus -- Demographic aspects ,Fetus -- Economic aspects ,Fetus -- Comparative analysis ,Health ,Social sciences - Published
- 2008
5. Obesity and overweight in relation to disease-specific mortality in men with and without existing coronary heart disease in London: the original Whitehall study
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Batty, G.D., Shipley, M.J., Jarrett, R.J., Breeze, E., Marmot, M.G., and Davey Smith, G.
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Obesity -- Analysis ,Obesity -- Health aspects ,Men -- Health aspects ,Coronary heart disease -- Health aspects ,Coronary heart disease -- Analysis ,Mortality -- England ,Mortality -- Evaluation ,Health - Published
- 2006
6. Socioeconomic position in childhood and adult cardiovascular risk factors, vascular structure, and function: cardiovascular risk in young Finns study
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Kivimaki, M., Davey Smith, G., Juonala, M., Ferrie, J.E., Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L., Elovainio, M., Pulkki-Raback, L., Vahtera, J., Leino, M., Viikari, J.S.A., and Raitakari, O.T.
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Cardiovascular diseases -- Risk factors ,Social classes -- Influence ,Health - Published
- 2006
7. Secular trends in heart rate in young adults, 1949 to 2004: analyses of cross sectional studies
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Black, A., Murray, L., Cardwell, C., Davey Smith, G., and McCarron, P.
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Young adults -- Research ,Heart beat -- Research ,Epidemiological research -- Reports ,Cardiovascular research -- Reports ,Health - Published
- 2006
8. Carboxyhaemoglobin concentration, smoking habit, and mortality in 25 years in the Renfrew/Paisley prospective cohort study
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Hart, C.L., Davey Smith, G., Hole, D.J., and Hawthorne, V.M.
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Carboxyhemoglobin -- Analysis ,Smoking -- Patient outcomes ,Smoking -- Research ,Mortality -- Risk factors ,Health - Published
- 2006
9. Association between sibship size and allergic diseases in the Glasgow Alumni Study
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Kinra, S., Davey Smith, G., Jeffreys, M., Gunnell, D., Galobardes, B., and McCarron, P.
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Allergic reaction -- Research ,Allergic reaction -- Environmental aspects ,Allergy -- Research ,Allergy -- Environmental aspects ,Birth order -- Health aspects ,Birth order -- Research ,Health - Published
- 2006
10. Association of birth weight with adult lung function: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis
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Lawlor, D.A., Ebrahim, S., and Davey Smith, G.
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Birth size -- Health aspects ,Birth size -- Analysis ,Birth weight -- Health aspects ,Birth weight -- Analysis ,Cardiovascular diseases -- Risk factors ,Lungs -- Physiological aspects ,Women -- Health aspects ,Women -- Research ,Health - Published
- 2005
11. Diet in childhood and adult cardiovascular and all cause mortality: the Boyd Orr cohort
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Ness, A.R., Maynard, M., Frankel, S., Davey Smith, G., Frobisher, C., Leary, S.D., Emmett, P.M., and Gunnell, D.
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Antioxidants -- Nutritional aspects ,Mortality -- United Kingdom ,Mortality -- Causes of ,Diet -- Patient outcomes ,Children -- Food and nutrition ,Children -- Health aspects ,Cardiovascular diseases -- Causes of ,Cardiovascular diseases -- Patient outcomes ,Health - Published
- 2005
12. Associations of adult height with coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: the British women's heart and health study
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Lawlor, Debbie A., Taylor, M., Davey Smith, G., Gunnell, D., and Ebrahim, S.
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Postmenopausal women -- Health aspects ,Postmenopausal women -- Physiological aspects ,Coronary heart disease -- Risk factors ,Coronary heart disease -- Physiological aspects ,Coronary heart disease -- Research ,Health - Published
- 2004
13. Type 2 diabetes in grandparents and birth weight in offspring and grandchildren in the ALSPAC study
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McCarron, P., Davey, Smith, G., and Hattersley, A.T.
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Birth size -- Research ,Birth weight -- Research ,Type 2 diabetes -- Research ,Health ,Social sciences - Published
- 2004
14. Early life diarrhoea and later blood pressure in a developing country: the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study
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Batty, G.D., Horta, B.L., Davey Smith, G., Barros, F.C., and Victora, C.
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Diarrhea in children -- Physiological aspects ,Diarrhea in children -- Patient outcomes ,Diarrhea in children -- Research ,Hypertension -- Risk factors ,Hypertension -- Research ,Dehydration (Physiology) -- Physiological aspects ,Dehydration (Physiology) -- Demographic aspects ,Dehydration (Physiology) -- Research ,Health ,Social sciences - Published
- 2009
15. Maternal diet in pregnancy and offspring blood pressure
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Leary, S. D., Ness, A. R., Emmett, P. M., Davey Smith, G., and Headley, J. E.
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Pregnancy -- Research ,Hypertension -- Causes of ,Hypertension -- Research - Published
- 2005
16. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using mendelian randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration.
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Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf BAR, Davies NM, Swanson SA, VanderWeele TJ, Timpson NJ, Higgins JPT, Dimou N, Langenberg C, Loder EW, Golub RM, Egger M, Davey Smith G, and Richards JB
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- Humans, Epidemiologic Research Design, Guidelines as Topic, Mendelian Randomization Analysis methods, Mendelian Randomization Analysis standards, Observational Studies as Topic standards
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ and declare: support from the SNSF, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol, Weston NHS Foundation Trust, and University of Bristol for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; EWL (head of research at The BMJ) played no part in the peer review or decision making of this paper at the editorial level, and contributed solely as an author; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed
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- 2021
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17. Covid-19's known unknowns.
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Davey Smith G, Blastland M, and Munafò M
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- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Humans, Information Dissemination ethics, Probability, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections psychology, Information Services ethics, Information Services standards, Pandemics ethics, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Pneumonia, Viral psychology, Psychology, Social, Uncertainty
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare that all three authors have been wrong about covid-19. MM and MB initially believed substantial undocumented transmission meant that a large proportion of the UK population was infected during the first wave. Subsequent seroprevalence surveys indicated that this was not the case. GDS thought that SARS-CoV-2 would be amplified through children and substantial mortality displacement would be observed. Neither has been the case. Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.
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- 2020
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18. Association between population mean and distribution of deviance in demographic surveys from 65 countries: cross sectional study.
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Razak F, Subramanian SV, Sarma S, Kawachi I, Berkman L, Davey Smith G, and Corsi DJ
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- Adult, Anemia blood, Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Malnutrition blood, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Overweight blood, Population Dynamics, Prevalence, Socioeconomic Factors, Thinness blood, Anemia epidemiology, Hemoglobins analysis, Malnutrition epidemiology, Overweight epidemiology, Thinness epidemiology
- Abstract
Objectives: To examine whether conditions related to scarcity at the left side of the distribution (anaemia, severe chronic energy deficiency, and underweight) are as strongly related to population means as conditions of excess at the right side of the distribution (overweight and obesity)., Design: Observational study., Setting: 65 countries, with nationally representative cross sectional data from 1994 to 2014 obtained from the Demographic Health Surveys., Participants: Non-pregnant women aged 20-49. Sample of 65 countries and n=524 380 for analysis of BMI; sample of 44 countries and n=316 465 for analysis of haemoglobin., Main Outcome Measures: The association between mean and prevalence of each category. For BMI, prevalence of severe chronic energy deficiency (SCED, BMI <16.0), underweight (BMI <18.5), overweight (BMI >25) and obese (BMI >30.) were measured; for haemoglobin, prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin <12.0 g/dL) and severe anaemia (haemoglobin <8.0 g/dL) were examined., Results: There was a strong association between mean BMI and prevalence of overweight (r
2 =0.98; r=0.99; β=8.3 (8.0 to 8.6)) and obesity (r2 =0.93; r=0.97; β=4.2 (3.9 to 4.5)). For left sided conditions, a moderate to strong association was found between mean BMI and prevalence of underweight (r2 =0.67; r=-0.82; β=-2.7 (-3.1 to -2.2)), and a weaker association for SCED (r2 =0.38; r=-0.61; β=-0.32 (-0.43 to -0.22)). There was a moderate association between mean haemoglobin and prevalence of anaemia (r2 =0.46; r=-0.68; β=-10.8 (-14.5 to -7.1)) and a weaker association with severe anaemia (r2 =0.30; r=-0.55; β=-0.55 (-0.81 to -0.29))., Conclusions: The associations between population means and prevalence of conditions of scarcity such as low BMI and anaemia were substantially weaker than the associations of mean BMI with conditions of excesses such as overweight and obesity., Competing Interests: Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work, no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)- Published
- 2018
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19. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians.
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Davies NM, Holmes MV, and Davey Smith G
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- Genetic Variation, Humans, Outcome Assessment, Health Care methods, Public Health, Causality, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic, Genome-Wide Association Study statistics & numerical data, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Observational Studies as Topic statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare that we have no competing interests.
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- 2018
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20. Don't ignore the Cochrane reviews on statins.
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Ebrahim S and Davey Smith G
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- Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic, State Medicine, United Kingdom, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors adverse effects, Practice Patterns, Physicians'
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- 2016
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21. Can genetic evidence help us understand why height and weight relate to social position?
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Davey Smith G and Davies NM
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- Female, Humans, Male, Biological Specimen Banks, Body Height, Body Mass Index, Educational Status, Income, Social Class
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- 2016
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22. N-of-1 approach to determine when adverse effects are caused by statins.
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Ebrahim S and Davey Smith G
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- Humans, Clinical Trials as Topic standards, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors adverse effects
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- 2015
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23. Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data.
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Holmes MV, Dale CE, Zuccolo L, Silverwood RJ, Guo Y, Ye Z, Prieto-Merino D, Dehghan A, Trompet S, Wong A, Cavadino A, Drogan D, Padmanabhan S, Li S, Yesupriya A, Leusink M, Sundstrom J, Hubacek JA, Pikhart H, Swerdlow DI, Panayiotou AG, Borinskaya SA, Finan C, Shah S, Kuchenbaecker KB, Shah T, Engmann J, Folkersen L, Eriksson P, Ricceri F, Melander O, Sacerdote C, Gamble DM, Rayaprolu S, Ross OA, McLachlan S, Vikhireva O, Sluijs I, Scott RA, Adamkova V, Flicker L, Bockxmeer FM, Power C, Marques-Vidal P, Meade T, Marmot MG, Ferro JM, Paulos-Pinheiro S, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ, Mateo Leach I, Verweij N, Linneberg A, Skaaby T, Doevendans PA, Cramer MJ, van der Harst P, Klungel OH, Dowling NF, Dominiczak AF, Kumari M, Nicolaides AN, Weikert C, Boeing H, Ebrahim S, Gaunt TR, Price JF, Lannfelt L, Peasey A, Kubinova R, Pajak A, Malyutina S, Voevoda MI, Tamosiunas A, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Norman PE, Hankey GJ, Bergmann MM, Hofman A, Franco OH, Cooper J, Palmen J, Spiering W, de Jong PA, Kuh D, Hardy R, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Ford I, Hyppönen E, Almeida OP, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Hamsten A, Husemoen LL, Tjønneland A, Tolstrup JS, Rimm E, Beulens JW, Verschuren WM, Onland-Moret NC, Hofker MH, Wannamethee SG, Whincup PH, Morris R, Vicente AM, Watkins H, Farrall M, Jukema JW, Meschia J, Cupples LA, Sharp SJ, Fornage M, Kooperberg C, LaCroix AZ, Dai JY, Lanktree MB, Siscovick DS, Jorgenson E, Spring B, Coresh J, Li YR, Buxbaum SG, Schreiner PJ, Ellison RC, Tsai MY, Patel SR, Redline S, Johnson AD, Hoogeveen RC, Hakonarson H, Rotter JI, Boerwinkle E, de Bakker PI, Kivimaki M, Asselbergs FW, Sattar N, Lawlor DA, Whittaker J, Davey Smith G, Mukamal K, Psaty BM, Wilson JG, Lange LA, Hamidovic A, Hingorani AD, Nordestgaard BG, Bobak M, Leon DA, Langenberg C, Palmer TM, Reiner AP, Keating BJ, Dudbridge F, and Casas JP
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- Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking adverse effects, Biomarkers blood, Coronary Disease blood, Coronary Disease genetics, Female, Genetic Markers, Genotype, Humans, Male, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Stroke blood, Stroke genetics, Alcohol Dehydrogenase genetics, Alcohol Drinking genetics, Coronary Disease etiology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Stroke etiology
- Abstract
Objective: To use the rs1229984 variant in the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B gene (ADH1B) as an instrument to investigate the causal role of alcohol in cardiovascular disease., Design: Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis of 56 epidemiological studies., Participants: 261 991 individuals of European descent, including 20 259 coronary heart disease cases and 10 164 stroke events. Data were available on ADH1B rs1229984 variant, alcohol phenotypes, and cardiovascular biomarkers., Main Outcome Measures: Odds ratio for coronary heart disease and stroke associated with the ADH1B variant in all individuals and by categories of alcohol consumption., Results: Carriers of the A-allele of ADH1B rs1229984 consumed 17.2% fewer units of alcohol per week (95% confidence interval 15.6% to 18.9%), had a lower prevalence of binge drinking (odds ratio 0.78 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.84)), and had higher abstention (odds ratio 1.27 (1.21 to 1.34)) than non-carriers. Rs1229984 A-allele carriers had lower systolic blood pressure (-0.88 (-1.19 to -0.56) mm Hg), interleukin-6 levels (-5.2% (-7.8 to -2.4%)), waist circumference (-0.3 (-0.6 to -0.1) cm), and body mass index (-0.17 (-0.24 to -0.10) kg/m(2)). Rs1229984 A-allele carriers had lower odds of coronary heart disease (odds ratio 0.90 (0.84 to 0.96)). The protective association of the ADH1B rs1229984 A-allele variant remained the same across all categories of alcohol consumption (P=0.83 for heterogeneity). Although no association of rs1229984 was identified with the combined subtypes of stroke, carriers of the A-allele had lower odds of ischaemic stroke (odds ratio 0.83 (0.72 to 0.95))., Conclusions: Individuals with a genetic variant associated with non-drinking and lower alcohol consumption had a more favourable cardiovascular profile and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease than those without the genetic variant. This suggests that reduction of alcohol consumption, even for light to moderate drinkers, is beneficial for cardiovascular health., (© Holmes et al 2014.)
- Published
- 2014
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24. Association of plasma uric acid with ischaemic heart disease and blood pressure: mendelian randomisation analysis of two large cohorts.
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Palmer TM, Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Davey Smith G, Lawlor DA, and Timpson NJ
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- Adult, Aged, Denmark, Female, Humans, Hyperuricemia etiology, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Ischemia blood, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Blood Pressure genetics, Body Mass Index, Hyperuricemia genetics, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Myocardial Ischemia genetics, Uric Acid blood
- Abstract
Objectives: To assess the associations between both uric acid levels and hyperuricaemia, with ischaemic heart disease and blood pressure, and to explore the potentially confounding role of body mass index., Design: Mendelian randomisation analysis, using variation at specific genes (SLC2A9 (rs7442295) as an instrument for uric acid; and FTO (rs9939609), MC4R (rs17782313), and TMEM18 (rs6548238) for body mass index)., Setting: Two large, prospective cohort studies in Denmark., Participants: We measured levels of uric acid and related covariables in 58,072 participants from the Copenhagen General Population Study and 10,602 from the Copenhagen City Heart Study, comprising 4890 and 2282 cases of ischaemic heart disease, respectively., Main Outcome: Blood pressure and prospectively assessed ischaemic heart disease., Results: Estimates confirmed known observational associations between plasma uric acid and hyperuricaemia with risk of ischaemic heart disease and diastolic and systolic blood pressure. However, when using genotypic instruments for uric acid and hyperuricaemia, we saw no evidence for causal associations between uric acid, ischaemic heart disease, and blood pressure. We used genetic instruments to investigate body mass index as a potentially confounding factor in observational associations, and saw a causal effect on uric acid levels. Every four unit increase of body mass index saw a rise in uric acid of 0.03 mmol/L (95% confidence interval 0.02 to 0.04), and an increase in risk of hyperuricaemia of 7.5% (3.9% to 11.1%)., Conclusion: By contrast with observational findings, there is no strong evidence for causal associations between uric acid and ischaemic heart disease or blood pressure. However, evidence supports a causal effect between body mass index and uric acid level and hyperuricaemia. This finding strongly suggests body mass index as a confounder in observational associations, and suggests a role for elevated body mass index or obesity in the development of uric acid related conditions.
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- 2013
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25. Association between C reactive protein and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data.
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Wensley F, Gao P, Burgess S, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Shah T, Engert JC, Clarke R, Davey-Smith G, Nordestgaard BG, Saleheen D, Samani NJ, Sandhu M, Anand S, Pepys MB, Smeeth L, Whittaker J, Casas JP, Thompson SG, Hingorani AD, and Danesh J
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- C-Reactive Protein genetics, Coronary Disease blood, Female, Gene Frequency, Humans, Male, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, C-Reactive Protein metabolism, Coronary Disease genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide genetics
- Abstract
Objective: To use genetic variants as unconfounded proxies of C reactive protein concentration to study its causal role in coronary heart disease., Design: Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis of individual participant data from 47 epidemiological studies in 15 countries., Participants: 194 418 participants, including 46 557 patients with prevalent or incident coronary heart disease. Information was available on four CRP gene tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3093077, rs1205, rs1130864, rs1800947), concentration of C reactive protein, and levels of other risk factors., Main Outcome Measures: Risk ratios for coronary heart disease associated with genetically raised C reactive protein versus risk ratios with equivalent differences in C reactive protein concentration itself, adjusted for conventional risk factors and variability in risk factor levels within individuals., Results: CRP variants were each associated with up to 30% per allele difference in concentration of C reactive protein (P<10(-34)) and were unrelated to other risk factors. Risk ratios for coronary heart disease per additional copy of an allele associated with raised C reactive protein were 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.87 to 1.00) for rs3093077; 1.00 (0.98 to 1.02) for rs1205; 0.98 (0.96 to 1.00) for rs1130864; and 0.99 (0.94 to 1.03) for rs1800947. In a combined analysis, the risk ratio for coronary heart disease was 1.00 (0.90 to 1.13) per 1 SD higher genetically raised natural log (ln) concentration of C reactive protein. The genetic findings were discordant with the risk ratio observed for coronary heart disease of 1.33 (1.23 to 1.43) per 1 SD higher circulating ln concentration of C reactive protein in prospective studies (P=0.001 for difference)., Conclusion: Human genetic data indicate that C reactive protein concentration itself is unlikely to be even a modest causal factor in coronary heart disease.
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- 2011
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26. Association between general and central adiposity in childhood, and change in these, with cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence: prospective cohort study.
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Lawlor DA, Benfield L, Logue J, Tilling K, Howe LD, Fraser A, Cherry L, Watt P, Ness AR, Davey Smith G, and Sattar N
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- Absorptiometry, Photon, Adolescent, Blood Pressure physiology, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases pathology, Child, Female, Humans, Insulin blood, Lipids blood, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Waist Circumference physiology, Adipose Tissue pathology, Adiposity physiology, Cardiovascular Diseases etiology, Obesity pathology
- Abstract
Objectives: To examine the prospective associations between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and fat mass in childhood and cardiovascular risk factors at age 15-16., Design: Prospective cohort study., Setting: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children., Participants: 5235 children aged 9-12 at start of study. Main exposures BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass determined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry, assessed at age 9-12 and at age 15-16., Main Outcome Measures: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and concentrations of fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol assessed at age 15-16., Results: In girls a 1 SD greater BMI at age 9-12 was associated with cardiovascular risk factors at age 15-16 in fully adjusted models: odds ratio 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.38) for high systolic blood pressure (≥130 mm Hg); 1.19 (1.03 to 1.38) for high concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥2.79 mmol/l); 1.43 (1.06 to 1.92) for high concentration of triglycerides (≥1.7 mmol/l); 1.25 (1.08 to 1.46) for low concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (<1.03 mmol/l); and 1.45 (1.22 to 1.73) for high concentration of insulin (≥16.95 IU/l). Equivalent results in boys were 1.24 (1.13 to 1.37) for systolic blood pressure; 1.30 (1.07 to 1.59) for low density lipoprotein cholesterol; 1.96 (1.51 to 2.55) for triglycerides; 1.39 (1.22 to 1.57) for high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and 1.84 (1.56 to 2.17) for insulin. BMI was associated with high fasting glucose (≥5.6 mmol/l) only in boys (1.18, 1.03 to 1.36). With these binary outcomes there was statistical evidence that associations differed between girls and boys for fasting glucose (P=0.03) and insulin (P<0.001). When risk factors were examined as continuous outcomes there was evidence for stronger associations of BMI with more adverse levels in boys than girls for fasting insulin, glucose, and triglyceride concentrations (all interaction P≤0.03). BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass were all strongly correlated with each other (r=0.89-0.94), and associations of the three with cardiovascular outcomes were of similar magnitude with statistical evidence of consistency in associations (all P>0.2 for heterogeneity). When waist circumference or fat mass or both were added to models including BMI they did not increase the variation in cardiovascular risk factors already explained by BMI and confounders alone. Girls who were overweight/obese at age 9-12 but were normal weight by 15-16 had similar odds of adverse levels of risk factors to those who were normal weight at both ages. In boys odds of high systolic blood pressure, high concentrations of triglycerides and insulin, and low concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol remained higher in this group compared with those who were normal weight at both ages but were lower than in those who remained overweight/obese at both ages., Conclusions: Measurements of waist circumference or directly assessed fat mass in childhood do not seem to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence any more strongly than BMI. Girls who favourably alter their overweight status between childhood and adolescence have cardiovascular risk profiles broadly similar to those who were normal weight at both time points, but boys who change from overweight to normal show risk factor profiles intermediate between those seen in boys who are normal weight at both ages or overweight at both ages.
- Published
- 2010
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27. Effect of body mass index and alcohol consumption on liver disease: analysis of data from two prospective cohort studies.
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Hart CL, Morrison DS, Batty GD, Mitchell RJ, and Davey Smith G
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity mortality, Overweight mortality, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Scotland epidemiology, Young Adult, Alcohol Drinking mortality, Body Mass Index, Liver Diseases mortality
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether alcohol consumption and raised body mass index (BMI) act together to increase risk of liver disease., Design: Analysis of data from prospective cohort studies., Setting: Scotland., Participants: Data were from two of the Midspan prospective cohort studies (9559 men): "Main" study 1965-8, participants from workplaces across central belt of Scotland, population of island of Tiree, and mainland relatives, and "Collaborative" study, 1970-3, participants from 27 workplaces in Glasgow, Clydebank, and Grangemouth. Follow-up was to 31 December 2007 (median 29 years, range 0.13-42). We divided participants into nine groups based on measures of body mass index (BMI) (underweight/normal weight <25, overweight 25 to <30, and obese >or=30) and alcohol consumption (none, 1-14, and >or=15 units per week)., Main Outcome Measures: Liver disease morbidity and mortality., Results: 80 (0.8%) men died with liver disease as the main cause and 146 (1.5%) with liver disease as any cause. In the Collaborative study, 196 men (3.3%) had liver disease defined by a death, admission, or cancer registration. BMI and alcohol consumption were strongly associated with liver disease mortality in analyses adjusted for other confounders (P=0.001 and P<0.0001 respectively). Drinkers of 15 or more units per week in any BMI category and obese drinkers had raised relative rates for all definitions of liver disease, compared with underweight/normal weight non-drinkers. Drinkers of 15 or more units per week had adjusted relative rates for liver disease mortality of 3.16 (95% confidence interval 1.28 to 7.8) for underweight/normal weight men, 7.01 (3.02 to 16.3) for overweight, and 18.9 (6.84 to 52.4) for obese men. The relative rate for obese men who consumed 1-14 units per week was 5.3 (1.36 to 20.7). The relative excess risk due to interaction between BMI and alcohol consumption was 5.58 (1.09 to 10.1); synergy index=2.89 (1.29 to 6.47)., Conclusions: Raised BMI and alcohol consumption are both related to liver disease, with evidence of a supra-additive interaction between the two. The occurrence of both factors in the same populations should inform health promotion and public health policies.
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- 2010
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28. The association between BMI and mortality using offspring BMI as an indicator of own BMI: large intergenerational mortality study.
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Davey Smith G, Sterne JA, Fraser A, Tynelius P, Lawlor DA, and Rasmussen F
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- Adolescent, Adult, Fathers statistics & numerical data, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mothers statistics & numerical data, Nuclear Family, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Sweden epidemiology, Young Adult, Body Mass Index, Cause of Death
- Abstract
Objectives: To obtain valid estimates of the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality by using offspring BMI as an instrumental variable for own BMI., Design: Cohort study based on record linkage, with 50 years of follow-up for mortality. Associations of offspring BMI with all cause and cause specific maternal and paternal mortality were estimated as hazard ratios per standard deviation of offspring BMI., Setting: A large intergenerational prospective population based database covering the general population of Sweden., Participants: More than one million Swedish parent-son pairs., Results: The final dataset analysed contained information on 1 018 012 mother-son pairs (122 677 maternal deaths) and 1 004 617 father-son pairs (242 126 paternal deaths). For some causes of death, the patterns of associations between offspring BMI and mortality were similar to those seen for own BMI and mortality in previous studies. Parental mortality from diabetes, coronary heart disease, and kidney cancer had the strongest positive associations with offspring BMI (for example, hazard ratio (HR) for coronary heart disease per standard deviation increase in offspring BMI for mothers 1.15, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.17 and for fathers 1.10, 1.09 to 1.11). However, in contrast to the inverse association of own BMI with lung cancer and respiratory disease mortality seen in other studies, there was a positive association between offspring BMI and lung cancer mortality in mothers (1.12, 1.09 to 1.15) and fathers (1.03, 1.02 to 1.05) and between offspring BMI and respiratory mortality in mothers (1.05, 1.02 to 1.08) and fathers (1.02, 1.00 to 1.04). Associations of own BMI and offspring BMI with all cause, cardiovascular disease related, and non-cardiovascular disease related mortality were compared in a subset of father-son pairs (n=72 815). When offspring BMI was used as an instrumental variable for paternal BMI, the causal association between BMI and paternal cardiovascular disease mortality (HR per standard deviation of BMI 1.82, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.83) was stronger than that indicated by the directly observed association between own BMI and cardiovascular disease mortality (1.45, 1.31 to 1.61)., Conclusions: Use of offspring BMI as a predictor of own BMI, a technique that avoids problems of reverse causality, suggests that positive associations of BMI with all cause and cardiovascular mortality may be underestimated in conventional observational studies. Use of offspring BMI instead of own BMI in analyses of respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality, for which previous studies have reported consistent and strong inverse associations with own BMI, suggests that such studies have overstated the apparent adverse consequences of lower BMI with respect to these outcomes.
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- 2009
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29. Prospective associations between objective measures of physical activity and fat mass in 12-14 year old children: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).
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Riddoch CJ, Leary SD, Ness AR, Blair SN, Deere K, Mattocks C, Griffiths A, Davey Smith G, and Tilling K
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Body Mass Index, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Sex Characteristics, Adipose Tissue anatomy & histology, Adiposity physiology, Exercise physiology
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate associations between physical activity at age 12 and subsequent adiposity at age 14., Design: Prospective birth cohort study with data collected between 2003 and 2007., Setting: Original recruitment in 1991-2 of 14,541 pregnant women living in the former County of Avon (United Kingdom)., Participants: At age 12, 11,952 children were invited to attend the research clinic. Of these, 7159 attended, and 4150 (1964 boys, 2186 girls) provided sufficient data on exposure, outcome, and confounding variables., Main Outcome Measure: Fat mass at age 14, measured by dual emission x ray absorptiometry, associated with physical activity at age 12, measured by accelerometry., Results: Prospective associations of fat mass at age 14 (outcome) with physical activity at age 12 (exposure) were strong for both total activity (accelerometer counts/min) and for daily amount of moderate-vigorous physical activity (min/day). An extra 15 minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity per day at age 12 was associated with lower fat mass at age 14 in boys (by 11.9% (95% confidence interval 9.5% to 14.3%)) and girls (by 9.8% (6.7% to 12.8%)). The proportion of physical activity due to moderate-vigorous physical activity was between 20% and 30% in boys and girls at the two ages., Conclusions: Higher levels of physical activity, in particular activity of moderate to higher intensities, are prospectively associated with lower levels of fat mass in early adolescence. Interventions to raise levels of physical activity in children are likely to be important in the fight against obesity.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Tackling health inequities.
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Davey Smith G and Krieger N
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- Global Health, Humans, Poverty, Socioeconomic Factors, World Health Organization, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Health Services Accessibility organization & administration
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Effect of integration of supplemental nutrition with public health programmes in pregnancy and early childhood on cardiovascular risk in rural Indian adolescents: long term follow-up of Hyderabad nutrition trial.
- Author
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Kinra S, Rameshwar Sarma KV, Ghafoorunissa, Mendu VV, Ravikumar R, Mohan V, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR, Davey Smith G, and Ben-Shlomo Y
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Blood Pressure, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Cholesterol blood, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, India epidemiology, Male, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Pregnancy, Public Health, Risk Factors, Rural Health, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology, Dietary Supplements, Pregnancy Complications diet therapy
- Abstract
Objective: To determine whether integration of nutritional supplementation with other public health programmes in early life reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in undernourished populations., Design: Approximately 15 years' follow-up of participants born within an earlier controlled, community trial of nutritional supplementation integrated with other public health programmes., Setting: 29 villages (15 intervention, 14 control) near Hyderabad city, south India., Participants: 1165 adolescents aged 13-18 years., Intervention: Balanced protein-calorie supplementation (2.51 MJ, 20 g protein) offered daily to pregnant women and preschool children aged under 6 years, coupled with integrated delivery of vertical public health programmes., Main Outcome Measures: Height, adiposity, blood pressures, lipids, insulin resistance (homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score), and arterial stiffness (augmentation index)., Results: The participants from the intervention villages were 14 mm (95% confidence interval 4 to 23; P=0.007) taller than controls but had similar body composition. The participants from the intervention villages had more favourable measures of insulin resistance and arterial stiffness: 20% (3% to 39%; P=0.02) lower HOMA score and 3.3% (1% to 5.7%; P=0.008) lower augmentation index. No strong evidence existed for differences in blood pressures and serum lipids., Conclusions: In this undernourished population, integrated delivery of supplemental nutrition with other public health programmes in pregnancy and early childhood was associated with a more favourable profile of cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescence. This pragmatic study provides the most robust evidence to date on this important hypothesis for which classic trials are unlikely. Improved maternal and child nutrition may have a role in reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease in low income and middle income countries.
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- 2008
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- View/download PDF
32. Prepregnancy cardiovascular risk factors as predictors of pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study.
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Magnussen EB, Vatten LJ, Lund-Nilsen TI, Salvesen KA, Davey Smith G, and Romundstad PR
- Subjects
- Adult, Blood Pressure physiology, Cardiovascular Diseases physiopathology, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Norway epidemiology, Pre-Eclampsia epidemiology, Pre-Eclampsia etiology, Pre-Eclampsia physiopathology, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Objective: To examine the effect of cardiovascular risk factors before pregnancy on risk of pre-eclampsia., Design: Population based prospective study., Setting: Linkage between a Norwegian population based study (Nord-Trøndelag health study, HUNT-2) and Norway's medical birth registry., Participants: 3494 women who gave birth after participating in the Nord-Trøndelag health study at baseline; of whom 133 (3.8%) delivered after a pre-eclamptic pregnancy., Main Outcome Measure: Odds ratio of developing pre-eclampsia., Results: After adjustment for smoking; previous pre-eclampsia; parity; maternal age, education, and socioeconomic position; and duration between baseline measurements and delivery, positive associations were found between prepregnancy serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure and risk of pre-eclampsia. The odds ratio of developing pre-eclampsia for women with baseline systolic blood pressures greater than 130 mm Hg (highest fifth) was 7.3 (95% confidence interval 3.1 to 17.2) compared with women with systolic blood pressures less than 111 mm Hg (lowest fifth). Similar results were found for nulliparous and parous women. Women who used oral contraceptives at baseline had half the risk of pre-eclampsia compared with never or former users (0.5, 0.3 to 0.9)., Conclusion: Women with cardiovascular risk factors may be predisposed to pre-eclampsia.
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- 2007
- Full Text
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33. Serum cholesterol, haemorrhagic stroke, ischaemic stroke, and myocardial infarction: Korean national health system prospective cohort study.
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Ebrahim S, Sung J, Song YM, Ferrer RL, Lawlor DA, and Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking mortality, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Hypertension mortality, Korea epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction blood, Myocardial Infarction mortality, Stroke blood, Stroke mortality, gamma-Glutamyltransferase blood, Cholesterol blood, Myocardial Infarction etiology, Stroke etiology
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate risk factors, such as heavy alcohol consumption, that might explain any increased risk of haemorrhagic stroke associated with low blood cholesterol., Design: Prospective cohort study., Setting: Korea., Participants: 787,442 civil servants (661,700 men, 125,742 women) aged 30-64., Main Outcome Measures: Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed at biennial health check. Data on morbidity and mortality were ascertained from 1990 to 2001 using hospital admissions and mortality surveillance systems., Results: 6328 cases of ischaemic stroke (6021 men, 307 women), 3947 cases of haemorrhagic stroke (3748 men, 199 women), 3170 cases of undefined stroke (2902 men, 268 women), and 4417 cases of myocardial infarction (4305 men, 112 women) occurred. Ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction were strongly and positively associated with blood cholesterol (hazard ratio per 1 mmol/l cholesterol 1.20 (95% confidence 1.16 to 1.24) and 1.48 (1.43 to 1.53), respectively). Haemorrhagic stroke showed an inverse association in fully adjusted models (0.91, 0.87 to 0.95). This inverse association was confined to participants with hypertension. When stratified by concentration of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), an indicator of alcohol consumption, the association was not seen in participants with low concentrations of GGT, and it was independent of hypertension in those with high concentrations of GGT (> 80 U/l).
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The cause for quiet celebration.
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Barford A, Dorling D, Davey Smith G, and Shaw M
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- Female, Humans, Male, Life Expectancy trends, Sex Factors
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Life expectancy: women now on top everywhere.
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Barford A, Dorling D, Davey Smith G, and Shaw M
- Subjects
- Female, Global Health, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Life Expectancy trends
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review.
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Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, Summerbell CD, Ness AR, Moore HJ, Worthington HV, Durrington PN, Higgins JP, Capps NE, Riemersma RA, Ebrahim SB, and Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Cohort Studies, Dietary Supplements, Fish Oils, Humans, Prognosis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases mortality, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Neoplasms mortality
- Abstract
Objective: To review systematically the evidence for an effect of long chain and shorter chain omega 3 fatty acids on total mortality, cardiovascular events, and cancer., Data Sources: Electronic databases searched to February 2002; authors contacted and bibliographies of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) checked to locate studies., Review Methods: Review of RCTs of omega 3 intake for (3) 6 months in adults (with or without risk factors for cardiovascular disease) with data on a relevant outcome. Cohort studies that estimated omega 3 intake and related this to clinical outcome during at least 6 months were also included. Application of inclusion criteria, data extraction, and quality assessments were performed independently in duplicate., Results: Of 15,159 titles and abstracts assessed, 48 RCTs (36,913 participants) and 41 cohort studies were analysed. The trial results were inconsistent. The pooled estimate showed no strong evidence of reduced risk of total mortality (relative risk 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.73 to 1.03) or combined cardiovascular events (0.95, 0.82 to 1.12) in participants taking additional omega 3 fats. The few studies at low risk of bias were more consistent, but they showed no effect of omega 3 on total mortality (0.98, 0.70 to 1.36) or cardiovascular events (1.09, 0.87 to 1.37). When data from the subgroup of studies of long chain omega 3 fats were analysed separately, total mortality (0.86, 0.70 to 1.04; 138 events) and cardiovascular events (0.93, 0.79 to 1.11) were not clearly reduced. Neither RCTs nor cohort studies suggested increased risk of cancer with a higher intake of omega 3 (trials: 1.07, 0.88 to 1.30; cohort studies: 1.02, 0.87 to 1.19), but clinically important harm could not be excluded., Conclusion: Long chain and shorter chain omega 3 fats do not have a clear effect on total mortality, combined cardiovascular events, or cancer.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Global inequality of life expectancy due to AIDS.
- Author
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Dorling D, Shaw M, and Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Humans, Residence Characteristics, Socioeconomic Factors, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome mortality, Global Health, Life Expectancy trends
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Inequalities and christmas yet to come.
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Dorling D, Mitchell R, Orford S, Shaw M, and Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, United Kingdom, Life Expectancy trends
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Meta-analysis of MTHFR 677C->T polymorphism and coronary heart disease: does totality of evidence support causal role for homocysteine and preventive potential of folate?
- Author
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Lewis SJ, Ebrahim S, and Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Case-Control Studies, Coronary Stenosis prevention & control, Genotype, Global Health, Humans, Myocardial Infarction prevention & control, Polymorphism, Genetic, Prospective Studies, Residence Characteristics, Coronary Stenosis genetics, Folic Acid physiology, Homocysteine blood, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) genetics, Myocardial Infarction genetics
- Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the association between the MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism and coronary heart disease, assessing small study bias and heterogeneity between studies., Data Sources: Medline and Embase citation searches between January 2001 and August 2004; no language restrictions., Study Selection: Case-control and prospective studies of association between MTHFR 677C-->T variant and myocardial infarction, coronary artery occlusion, or both; 80 studies were included., Data Extraction: Data on genotype frequency and mean homocysteine concentrations by genotype were extracted. Odds ratios were calculated for TT genotype versus CC genotype. Heterogeneity was explored, with stratification by geographical region of the study samples, and meta-regression by difference in mean serum homocysteine concentrations (CC minus TT genotypes) was carried out., Results: 26,000 cases and 31,183 controls were included. An overall random effects odds ratio of 1.14 (95% confidence intervals 1.05 to 1.24) was found for TT versus CC genotype. There was strong evidence of heterogeneity (P < 0.001, I2 = 38.4%), which largely disappeared after stratification by geographical region. Odds ratios in Europe, Australia, and North America attenuated towards the null, unlike those in the Middle East and Asia., Conclusions: No strong evidence exists to support an association of the MTHFR 677 C-->T polymorphism and coronary heart disease in Europe, North America, or Australia. Geographical variability may be due to higher folate intake in North America and Europe or to publication bias. The conclusion drawn from previous meta-analyses that folic acid, through lowering homocysteine, has a role in prevention of cardiovascular disease is in some doubt.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Labour's "Black report" moment?
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Shaw M, Dorling D, Mitchell R, and Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Female, Health Policy, Humans, Life Expectancy, Life Style, Male, United Kingdom, Health Services Accessibility
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Association of socioeconomic position with insulin resistance among children from Denmark, Estonia, and Portugal: cross sectional study.
- Author
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Lawlor DA, Harro M, Wedderkopp N, Andersen LB, Sardinha LB, Riddoch CJ, Page AS, Anderssen SA, Froberg K, Stansbie D, and Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cross-Sectional Studies, Denmark, Educational Status, Estonia, Female, Humans, Income statistics & numerical data, Male, Portugal, Risk Factors, Insulin Resistance, Social Class
- Abstract
Objectives: To examine the association between socioeconomic position and insulin resistance in children from three countries in northern Europe (Denmark), eastern Europe (Estonia), and southern Europe (Portugal) that have different physical, economic, and cultural environments., Design: Cross sectional study., Participants: 3189 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 9 and 15 years from Denmark (n = 933), Estonia (n = 1103), and Portugal (n = 1153)., Main Outcome Measure: Insulin resistance (homoeostasis model assessment)., Results: Family income and parental education were inversely associated with insulin resistance in Danish children but were positively associated with insulin resistance in Estonian and Portuguese children. Among Danish children, insulin resistance was 24% lower (95% confidence interval -38% to -10%) in those whose fathers had the most education compared with those with the least education. The equivalent results were 15% (2% to 28%) higher for Estonia and 19% (2% to 36%) higher for Portugal. These associations remained after adjustment for a range of covariates: -20% (-36% to -5%) for Denmark, 10% (-4% to 24%) for Estonia, and 18% (-1% to 31%) for Portugal. Strong statistical evidence supported differences between the associations in Denmark and those in the other two countries in both unadjusted and adjusted models (all P < 0.03)., Conclusions: Among Danish children, those with the most educated and highest earning parents had least insulin resistance, whereas the opposite was true for children from Estonia and Portugal.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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42. What can mendelian randomisation tell us about modifiable behavioural and environmental exposures?
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Davey Smith G and Ebrahim S
- Subjects
- Genetic Variation genetics, Humans, Occupational Exposure statistics & numerical data, Polymorphism, Genetic genetics, Environmental Exposure statistics & numerical data, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Health Behavior, Recombination, Genetic genetics
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Health inequalities and New Labour: how the promises compare with real progress.
- Author
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Shaw M, Davey Smith G, and Dorling D
- Subjects
- Delivery of Health Care trends, Female, Forecasting, Health Policy, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Politics, Poverty, Socioeconomic Factors, State Medicine organization & administration, State Medicine trends, United Kingdom, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Coverage and uptake of systematic postal screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis and prevalence of infection in the United Kingdom general population: cross sectional study.
- Author
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Macleod J, Salisbury C, Low N, McCarthy A, Sterne JA, Holloway A, Patel R, Sanford E, Morcom A, Horner P, Davey Smith G, Skidmore S, Herring A, Caul O, Hobbs FD, and Egger M
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Chlamydia Infections epidemiology, Chlamydia Infections prevention & control, Chlamydia trachomatis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening methods, Prevalence, Telephone statistics & numerical data, United Kingdom epidemiology, Chlamydia Infections diagnosis, Mass Screening statistics & numerical data, Patient Acceptance of Health Care statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objective: To measure the coverage and uptake of systematic postal screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis and the prevalence of infection in the general population in the United Kingdom. To investigate factors associated with these measures., Design: Cross sectional survey of people randomly selected from general practice registers. Invitation to provide a specimen collected at home., Setting: England., Participants: 19,773 men and women aged 16-39 years invited to participate in screening., Main Outcome Measures: Coverage and uptake of screening; prevalence of chlamydia., Results: Coverage of chlamydia screening was 73% and was lower in areas with a higher proportion of non-white residents. Uptake in 16-24 year olds was 31.5% and was lower in men, younger adults, and practices in disadvantaged areas. Overall prevalence of chlamydia was 2.8% (95%confidence interval 2.2% to 3.4%) in men and 3.6% (3.1% to 4.9%) in women, but it was higher in people younger than 25 years (men 5.1%; 4.0% to 6.3%; women 6.2%; 5.2% to 7.8%). Prevalence was higher in the subgroup of younger women who were harder to engage in screening. The strongest determinant of chlamydial infection was having one or more new sexual partners in the past year., Conclusions: Postal chlamydia screening was feasible, but coverage was incomplete and uptake was modest. Lower coverage of postal screening in areas with more non-white residents along with poorer uptake in more deprived areas and among women at higher risk of infection could mean that screening leads to wider inequalities in sexual health.
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- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Insulin resistance and depressive symptoms in middle aged men: findings from the Caerphilly prospective cohort study.
- Author
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Lawlor DA, Ben-Shlomo Y, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G, Stansfeld SA, Yarnell JW, and Gallacher JE
- Subjects
- Epidemiologic Methods, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Wales epidemiology, Depression epidemiology, Insulin Resistance
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Lifestyle, health, and health promotion in Nazi Germany.
- Author
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Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Alcohol Drinking history, Alcohol Drinking legislation & jurisprudence, Alcohol Drinking prevention & control, Germany, History, 20th Century, Humans, Smoking history, Smoking legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking Cessation history, Smoking Prevention, Health Promotion history, Life Style, National Socialism history
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Taking folate in pregnancy and risk of maternal breast cancer.
- Author
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Charles D, Ness AR, Campbell D, Davey Smith G, and Hall MH
- Subjects
- Cause of Death, Double-Blind Method, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Neural Tube Defects prevention & control, Pregnancy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Scotland epidemiology, Breast Neoplasms mortality, Folic Acid adverse effects
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Trends in blood pressure over 10 years in adolescents: analyses of cross sectional surveys in the Northern Ireland Young Hearts project.
- Author
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Watkins D, McCarron P, Murray L, Cran G, Boreham C, Robson P, McGartland C, Davey Smith G, and Savage M
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Chi-Square Distribution, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diastole, Female, Humans, Male, Northern Ireland, Observer Variation, Regression Analysis, Systole, Time Factors, Blood Pressure
- Abstract
Objective: To examine secular trends in blood pressure over a 10 year period between two representative cohorts of adolescents from Northern Ireland., Design: Repeat cross sectional study., Setting: Randomly selected post-primary schools from Northern Ireland., Participants: 1015 adolescents studied between 1989 and 1990, and 2017 adolescents studied between 1999 and 2001. Participants were aged 12 or 15 years., Main Outcome Measures: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured by one observer in each study., Results: The four groups for sex and age showed decreases in both systolic blood pressure (mean decrease 7.7 mm Hg to 10.0 mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (8.8 mm Hg to 11.0 mm Hg). These decreases were not accounted for by adjustment for potential confounders including age, height, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, aerobic fitness, and stratification of school by education board area and type. The findings were not altered by additional adjustment for social class, pubertal status, birth weight, and infant feeding. No evidence was found of systematic variation between observers., Conclusions: Substantial decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure over the past decade in adolescents from Northern Ireland are likely to have important benefits to public health and may help offset the increasing risk of cardiovascular disease due to increases in obesity.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Patterns and distribution of tobacco consumption in India: cross sectional multilevel evidence from the 1998-9 national family health survey.
- Author
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Subramanian SV, Nandy S, Kelly M, Gordon D, and Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, India epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Residence Characteristics, Rural Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Health, Smoking epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate the demographic, socioeconomic, and geographical distribution of tobacco consumption in India., Design: Multilevel cross sectional analysis of the 1998-9 Indian national family health survey of 301 984 individuals in 92 447 households in 3215 villages in 440 districts in 26 states., Setting: Indian states., Participants: 301 984 adults (> or = 18 years)., Main Outcome Measures: Dichotomous variable for smoking and chewing tobacco for each respondent (1 if yes, 0 if no) as well as a combined measure of whether an individual smokes, chews tobacco, or both., Results: Smoking and chewing tobacco are systematically associated with socioeconomic markers at the individual and household level. Individuals with no education are 2.69 times more likely to smoke and chew tobacco than those with postgraduate education. Households belonging to the lowest fifth of a standard of living index were 2.54 times more likely to consume tobacco than those in the highest fifth. Scheduled tribes (odds ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.29) and scheduled castes (1.19, 1.16 to 1.23) were more likely to consume tobacco than other caste groups. The socioeconomic differences are more marked for smoking than for chewing tobacco. Socioeconomic markers and demographic characteristics of individuals and households do not account fully for the differences at the level of state, district, and village in smoking and chewing tobacco, with state accounting for the bulk of the variation in tobacco consumption., Conclusion: The distribution of tobacco consumption is likely to maintain, and perhaps increase, the current considerable socioeconomic differentials in health in India. Interventions aimed at influencing change in tobacco consumption should consider the socioeconomic and geographical determinants of people's susceptibility to consume tobacco.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Hospital bed utilisation in the NHS and Kaiser Permanente: quality of care, length of stay, and readmissions need to be considered.
- Author
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Ebrahim S, Frankel S, and Davey Smith G
- Subjects
- Aged, Humans, Length of Stay statistics & numerical data, Medicaid statistics & numerical data, Patient Readmission statistics & numerical data, Quality of Health Care, Stroke therapy, United Kingdom, United States, Bed Occupancy statistics & numerical data, Health Maintenance Organizations organization & administration, State Medicine organization & administration
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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