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The extent to which the diacritic layer (taškīl) of the Arabic writing system is employed in modern typeset text differs considerably between genres and individual texts, with many in-between forms not aptly captured by the traditional binary categories of "vowelled" and "unvowelled" text. This article is the first to present a theoretical account of this variation applicable to modern typeset Standard Arabic. It is suggested that diacritics serve three basic functions: facilitation of reading comprehension; facilitation of prescriptively correct diction; and to evoke associations with other texts. Six modes of diacritization in modern typeset text are identified and related to data on rates of diacritization from a corpus of electronically published books. Further lines of research based on this framework are suggested. Résumé: La façon dans laquelle la vocalisation (taškīl) du système d'écriture arabe est utilisée dans les textes modernes diffère sensiblement entre les genres et les textes, avec de nombreuses formes intermédiaires qui ne sont pas adéquatement décrites par les catégories traditionnelles binaires de texte « vocalisé » et « non vocalisé ». Cet article est le premier à présenter un cadre théorique de cette variation qui soit applicable à l'arabe standard moderne. Il suggère que les signes diacritiques (au sens large, incluant aussi le taškīl) remplissent trois fonctions de base : faciliter la compréhension de la lecture, faciliter une diction formellement correcte et évoquer des associations avec d'autres textes. Six modes de diacritisation dans les textes modernes sont identifiés et mis en relation avec des données sur les taux de diacritisation provenant d'un corpus de livres publiés électroniquement. Il introduit enfin d'autres pistes de recherche s'appuyant sur ce cadre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall goal of this doctoral study was to investigate the different types of modal markers in Kirundi, to describe their syntactic properties and semantic values, and to establish their frequency in the corpus. To this end, we used both an onomasiological and a semasiological approach, in order to identify and describe the different modal markers. The study was based on a corpus of Kirundi, consisting of 1.9 million tokens, which was compiled according to authoritative standards in the domain, taking into account requirements in terms of balance and representativeness. The corpus comprised texts belonging to a number of different genres/topics and was made up of texts extending over a time span of nine decades. Three types of modal markers were identified. The most important is the affix oo, commonly labelled potential or conditional in Kirundi descriptions. It is the most frequent modal marker in the corpus, with the largest semantic scope and the greatest number of modal values. Therefore, it stands as the grammatical morpheme dedicated to the expression of modality in Kirundi. The second type of modal marker is a set of verbs, whose semantic values and frequency vary. Some of them have been grammaticalized to the extent that they act as auxiliaries. Others have not been grammaticalized to this extent. The third category consists of adverbs. This category expresses only one modal category: epistemic modality. This study showed the intertwining between modal and non-modal categories, by studying elements whose use overlaps with the domain of modality. On this matter, the situation is that directivity is attested as a post-modal value for markers expressing specifically deontic necessity. As regards volition, it is also a post-modal value attested on markers expressing necessity. As for evidentiality, it is closely associated with epistemic modality. This work showed also that within modal markers in Kirundi, intersubjectification and grammaticalization are linked. The study makes a contribution to the description of a semantic category that is generally under-described in Bantu languages. Moreover, through the method of corpus linguistics, it has used an original approach for a language without written tradition, i.e. the approach of studying and exemplifying linguistic phenomena by looking at natural communication, which is different from elicitation. This thesis has illustrated the advantages offered by such a method, as it allows facts to be expressed statistically. This work has also created the possibility of a diachronic analysis of the development of modal markers in Kirundi. Moreover, as this study dealt only with affirmative forms, an extension to the study of the relationship between polarity and modality in Kirundi would allow for a better understanding of the modal category in Kirundi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the structure kāna sa-yafʿalu (in English “he was going to do”; in French “il allait faire”) in contemporary Arabic. This structure can be analyzed in two different ways: either as the verb kāna bearing a syntactic value associated with a particle introducing the formal future sa-yafʿalu, or as a self-explanatory single structure. After a synthetic study of the appearances of kāna sa-yafʿalu in modern Arabic gram mars, we propose a systematic description of the two aforementioned types of uses and set up an inventory of its different values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]