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Focuses on Islamic medieval philosophical text in the Eastern lands of Islam and in the Ottoman Empire as highlighted in an encyclopaedic work on philosophy and the sciences consisting of five epistles. Popularity of the encyclopaedic work during the 9th and 15th centuries; Overview of the teachings of well-known Ottoman philosophers; Ways to examine the quality of the manuscripts used.

In Shi'a teachings, there is a principle of equitable governing and guidance through the implementation of the divine will of the Imam. While much religious tradition has rejected the idea that Iranian monarchs were the embodiment of the divine nature and that they were righteous rulers, there is little doubt that the Shi'a ideas arose from imitating ancient Iranian religious traditions. This has been the basis of the popularity of Shi'a doctrines within the Iranian society. Justice is one of the beliefs of Shi'a religious and political thought that has been a significant addition to the five major pillars of Islam. It has also been one of the primary issues of ancient Iranian political thought that was imported into the political ideology of Islam in the Muslim era. The author discusses some points regarding this issue in Shi'a religious philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]