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Copyright of Triple Helix is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper examines motivational aspects of the global peace movement, using as a case the World Peace Now movement in Japan. This campaign, which has extensive international networks and synchronized actions with global “waves of protest”, is part of a global anti-war protest movement. Using data collected from interviews and a protest survey to gauge participation motives and attributed meanings to the participation, the paper argues that the campaign, despite its global outlook, is localized and historically idiosyncratic. Indifferent to the global, participants' motives are drawn from personal experiences and family narratives, and localized collective memory of the past. The paper offers “surface interaction” as concept to understand current global social movements among movement organizations in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how the Jesuits in Japan's "Christian Century (1549– c.1650)" used Western mechanical clocks in missionary activities and how this new technology was received and transformed in the country. Sources show that it was a common practice for the missionaries to present clocks as unusual gifts to gain access to the ruling class. This policy eventually led to the production of mechanical clocks by local craftsmen by around 1600. Although Christianity was strictly prohibited after 1614, the technology survived and found its way into the secular world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postwar Kobe prides itself on being a "progressive" city. It attracted nation-wide attention in the Fifties and Sixties for bold and innovative infrastructure construction. Since the Seventies, without slowing down the pace of construction, it has acquired the reputation for being "environmentally enlightened." The city therefore appears to have achieved a balance between the imperatives of the "construction nation" and "green nation." This paper examines the thinking of two Kobe mayors and two governors of Hyōgo prefecture, wherein the city is located, to shed light on an aspect of environmental change in modern Japan that has been overlooked by scholars. By showing how the four heads of local government, by their own account, have tried to resolve the conflicting demands of development and conservation, this paper argues that local political leaders, in contrary to the conventional view of Japanese government, do contribute—sometimes even taking the lead—to the physical and cultural transformation of the territory under their charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I want to approach the theme of “globalization and Japan” from the standpoint of constitutional studies. Constitutions and constitutionalism are important means of reining in political power, and in the modern sovereign state system, constitutions and constitutionalism have been conceived on the level of single states. However, as many scholars have observed, one can see the global spread of power in, for example, the worldwide deployment of the US military using overseas bases throughout the world, and the worldwide activities of transnational corporations based in the US, Europe, and Japan. In sum, this is the global spread of military and social power. It is urgent that we rein in this global power. Although controlling power through single-state-level constitutions and constitutionalism is perhaps still the most important priority, we must also consider the possibilities of global constitutionalism or regional constitutionalism now when power is spreading globally. This paper will explore global constitutionalism, which is now the subject of vigorous discussion for those concerned with global governance. Finally, the paper will link global constitutionalism with the pacifism in Japan's constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the strategic framework of action of Subhas Chandra Bose for the liberation of India and how his ideas about international collaboration for the overthrow of British imperialism took shape despite the constraints and limitations imposed by the existing framework of the national moment as conceived by Gandhi and the restrictions imposed by the colonial rulers. An attempt is made in this paper to analyse how his collaboration with Japan directly or indirectly accelerated the pace of nationalism during and after the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of globalization, the international community has witnessed a rapid increase in the number of low-skilled workers migrating from developing countries to industrial countries. However, there remain competing approaches to the governance of lowskilled labor migration; that is, the economic theory and the rights-based approach. By utilizing the labor migration between Vietnam and Japan under the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP), this article reveals the limitations of these two approaches in governing the migration of low-skilled workers. Moreover, through examining the Memorandum of Cooperation on the Technical Intern Training Program signed by the Vietnamese and Japanese governments in 2017 and its contribution to the TITP, this article suggests that to regulate labor migration properly, it is essential to uphold the rights-based approach and consider labor migration as a transnational issue that should be addressed at the international level; that is, through the bilateral or multilateral instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural encounters, entanglements, and comparisons were the driving force behind the formation of a global history of religion. Such encounters require the formation of comparative concepts; for Europeans, the most important of these was 'religion'. With European expansion, and especially its forays into Asia starting in the late fifteenth century, 'religion' gradually became a general term to describe a distinct subset of human culture, with encounters between European missionaries and the Japanese people playing a decisive role in this regard. Arguably, the ultimately failed attempts of the Christian mission led to the emergence of analogous comparative concepts on the Japanese side, too. As a side effect, the encounter with Christianity brought about an individualisation and confessionalisation of Buddhism. From here, it was only a small step to the 'religionisation' of Buddhism in the nineteenth century – and, thus, to its integration into a global religious system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between development and migration has been termed the 'new development mantra'. Studies on the subject have so far mostly focused on economic remittances, and the potential consequences of return migration on democratisation have been rarely touched upon. This article attests the potential of the migration experience to affect migrants' attitudes towards democracy, thus playing an important role in the diffuse support needed for democracies in the stage of consolidation. Based on a survey among 1,000 Philippine return migrants from six destinations, the paper suggests that the migration experience may not only lead to a more critical stance towards the political system of the home country; there are also indicators of lesser support for the principles of democracy when compared to migrants about to leave the country for the first time. The political system of the destination as such seems to be a less decisive factor than the specific freedoms and restrictions experienced by migrants and a potential bias when selecting the destination. The article focuses on return migrants from Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong and Japan, which showed the most distinctive numbers in support of democracy or changes therein when compared to first-time migrants heading for that destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid 1930s, as southward advancement thought was on the rise in Japan, there was a rapidly emerging sense shared by the Taiwan Colonial Government, the military authorities, and Japanese residents in Taiwan that colonised Taiwan should play a more positive role in Japan's southward advance. This paper examines the background of the emergence of this advocacy of southward advance in Taiwan during the 1930s and its development during the ten years preceding the Japanese defeat in the Pacific War. In this examination, I draw attention not only to the predilections of the Taiwan Colonial Government, the Taiwan Army, and Japanese residents but also to the mechanism through which the colonised Taiwanese were integrated into the southward advance, and finally I compare the relationships of those three actors and the southern region (nanpo). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northernmost border of Japan's informal empire were the Mongol lands and Manchuria. For nearly a century this region lay on the borders between an expanding Russia and a retreating China and was a major area for Japanese ambitions on the Asian mainland. Japan's interest in the Mongol lands (including Manchuria) was spurred by general strategic, economic and ideological factors, and was justified by an academic discourse on geopolitics. Geo-political socialisation was carried out in respective areas and Mongol nationalism was drawn into these affairs. This paper examines the reasons for Japan's interest in these areas, and the arguments used to justify this expansionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhang Ruoxu's poem "Chunjiang huayue ye," reached Japan and Korea in the anthology Tangshi xuan compiled by the Ming dynasty scholar Li Panlong. In the mid-Edo period, under the influence of the "Kobunjigaku" (Ancient Rhetoric School) represented by Ogyū Sorai, the Tangshi xuan anthology enjoyed a phase of great popularity and became the widest-read Tang poetry work at the time. Because "Chunjiang huayue ye" was included in Tangshi xuan , it was also widely read. Many versions of Tangshi xuan containing abundant commentaries on "Chunjiang huayue ye" were published in Japan; most of these focus on art appreciation and comment on the poem in considerable depth. China, Japan, and Korea also produced many response poems and imitations of "Chunjiang huayue ye." Of these, the Chinese imitations were closest to the original work, the Japanese ones had greater ideological depth and echoed the commentaries on the poem, and the Korean ones were all rhymed response poems that were integrated into Korean culture over time. As a literary classic, "Chunjiang huayue ye" transcended its original era and at the same time broke the barriers of space, becoming world literature appreciated by people in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual images are widely used in science textbooks to facilitate the understanding of abstract concept of light. This study aims to compare and analyze elementary school textbooks from Korea, the United States, and Japan, focusing on how visual images are utilized to effectively convey light-related content. The findings reveal that all three countries' textbooks predominantly employ photographs as visual representations, primarily serving the purpose of providing data. Through a social semiotic perspective analysis, it was observed that science textbooks commonly utilize realistic images with metaphorical functions, presented at eye level angles, with intermediate distances, and frontal angles. Furthermore, the visual images employed various colors and background expressions to create a sense of familiarity for students. These findings suggest that the composition of visual images in science textbooks was designed to facilitate an easy understanding of light-related concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to describe the historical development of science teacher education in pre-service and in-service education in Japan with a focus on the systemic changes and teachers’ professional learning culture. The characteristics of science teacher education generally are elucidated through an analysis of the system and professional culture across time in Japan. There is a conflict regarding the integration and balance between pedagogical and content knowledge across the world. The author identified this problem as a historical and socio-cultural aporia regarding the ideal model of secondary school science teachers. In the study’s conclusion, the author argues, based on the historical and international perspectives, that we should not ignore science teachers’ traditionally accumulated wisdom and expertise, and that it is critical to identify the role that the professional learning community plays role in aiding prospective teachers to become expert science teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan has been an important actor in Africa's international relations over the past two decades, although its role tends to be understated in most analyses of Africa's ties with the large powers. This article reviews one facet of Japan's engagement with the continent, as enacted through the platform of the Group of 8. There have been significant overlaps between Japan's Africa diplomacy and its wider multilateral objectives and, since the end of the Cold War, the G8 has been an important forum where these aspects have converged. The article assesses past patterns and contemporary dynamics in the evolving relations between Japan and the continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllodiscus semoni is a morphologically variable sea anemone species from the Indo-Pacific with morphotypes ranging from upright and branched to low-lying and rounded. The apparent camouflage strategies of this sea anemone allow it to resemble other species or objects in its environment, such as stony corals, soft corals, seaweeds, or rocky boulders covered by algae, which may help it to avoid recognition by potential predators. Occasionally, it occurs in aggregations that may result from asexual reproduction. A high level of intraspecific morphological variation, including co-occurring aggregations of three different morphotypes, was observed in the Spermonde Archipelago off Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The co-occurrence of aggregations with different morphotypes suggests that Phyllodiscus is a highly polymorphic monospecific genus. Sea anemones of this genus are not frequently encountered at other localities and the number of morphotypes seems large. Therefore, it is unlikely that we are dealing with more than one species that are all concentrated in a single area. Phyllodiscus sea anemones are considered dangerous to humans because their nematocysts contain highly toxic venoms that may inflict harmful stings. Therefore they are the subject of recent toxicological studies. The present paper aims to assist in the recognition of these highly variable hazardous animals and to discuss the appearance of their aggregations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War in 1937, China sought support and sanctions against Japan from the international community, especially the United States. The government strategy encompassed both official diplomatic channels and non-state channels such as propaganda and private organizations. Drawing from materials in the United States and China, this article presents the evolution of China's "public diplomacy" toward the United States during the early years of the Sino-Japanese War. It argues: (1) China's "public diplomacy" was conducted through the International Department of Ministry of Information of the Chinese Nationalist Party under the direct control of Chiang Kai-shek. (2) Resident agents of China played an indispensable role in forming the American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression, a private organization supporting China's cause. (3) The Committee carried out intensive campaigns to bring about pro-China policies and to promote an embargo against Japan. (4) The Chinese government and its agents supported the Committee financially and organizationally until its disbandment in 1941. This article thus demonstrates that wartime China was attempting to compensate for its military weakness by manipulating American public opinion to achieve its own diplomatic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the contribution of Japanese writers Yoshimoto Mitsuhiro, Karatani Kojin and Asada Akira to the western cultural theory. Asada Akira indicates the potential for ideas of Japanese uniqueness to be taken up by neo-nationalist forces within Japan itself. Asada provides a useful context for such ideas by pointing out that they are entrenched in stereotyped theories about Japan which reappear across a number of contexts and cultural domains. Yoshimoto Mitsuhiro observes in his paper "The Postmodern and Mass Images in Japan," modernization theory, which was dominant in Japanese studies after the war, has been thoroughly repudiated over the last ten to twenty years. But despite this, the notion of Americanization has survived and is still often used in discussions of contemporary Japanese culture. The work of Karatani Kojin also deals with the cultural differences between Japan and the West. As Karatani points out, contemporary western cultural theory is very largely concerned with a critique of nineteenth century concepts, institutions and modes of thought.

This study aimed to examine the trends in grants for STEM/STEAM education in Japan as well as Japanese students' perception of science learning and future careers. The grants were addressed through analysis of chronological trends, while student perceptions were reviewed through student questionnaires on Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2011, 2015, and 2019. The results reflect ideas on not only STEM education, which is often treated in the context of workforce development and science/mathematics education in Japan, but also ideas on the rapid expansion of and changes to STEAM education around 2015, which seems to be intended the integration of multiple subjects. In contrast, the results showed that students' perceptions of science and engineering careers are improving, but there are still challenges. Since subject-integrated learning has already been conducted in Japan, we consider the further discussion required regarding specific objective of STEAM versus STEM education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powerful states often use tools of economic statecraft, such as foreign aid and other financial policy instruments, in a bid to "purchase" influence as well as establish regional leadership among their neighbors. How and why do these states undertake similar economic statecraft strategies and policies? The article examines the evolution of infrastructure financing policy of China and Japan and identifies the ever changing and, yet at the same time, mirroring interaction between the two countries' development finance practices. We argue that emulation and competition have led to the process of policy diffusion between these two countries. The competition between these two foreign aid leaders in East Asia especially after China's Belt and Road Initiative has shaped the region's infrastructure development dynamics as they strive to move the equilibrium outcome to their advantage. Such equilibrium through the policy diffusion process has important implications on global development governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the sources and consequences of East Asia's participation in global governance. Despite the rhetoric of global contribution, the article argues that global governance issues are reframed in East Asia to better suit domestic and regional priorities. Specifically, two underlying mechanisms are at work to complicate, and often render ineffective, East Asia's foray into global governance: (1) the conflicting identities of the three countries at the regional and global levels; and (2) the localization of global governance issues. By examining the global role of China, Japan, and South Korea in climate change, peacekeeping, nuclear nonproliferation, the article shows how the shared desire of enhancing global status in East Asia is tempered by the politics of dual identity and issue localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of economic issues, in a comprehensive multilateral and bilateral context, has been receiving increased attention in writings about the Korean Peninsula lately. This article adds to this debate by analysing Japan's relations with North Korea from an economic diplomacy perspective. The concept of 'negative economic diplomacy' is introduced to understand actions of the Japanese government, which had tried economic engagement in various ways until the early 1990s, but hardened its stance thereafter. Tokyo seems to have come to the conclusion that North Korean rulers are more willing to preserve the status quo than some wish to believe and, consequently, started to use the North Korean threat to justify Japan's controversial military enhancement in a context of uncertainty about the United States' commitment and an increasingly stronger China. is strategy was practised through a negative approach to economic diplomacy of withholding economic benefits-in policy fields ranging from the abductees and normalisation of diplomatic relations, to trade relations, sanctions and the six-way process. Japan's policy was most outspoken from late 2002 until at least mid-2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes both the policy debates within the American Occupation over famine, food relief and nutrition in Occupied Japan (1945-52) and the contested terms in which the debate was conducted. Conflict arose over muddled accounting of food intake in calories, a rampant black market that suggested a failure of equitable distribution, and the absence of serious unrest despite imports falling short of minimal stated requirements. Occupation authorities questioned estimates made by the Japanese government. There was internal disagreement among American authorities in Japan and between interested parties in Washington, as well as among the Allies in the Far Eastern Commission. Herbert Hoover's Famine Emergency Committee of 1946 sounded an alarm, and the Food and Fertilizer Mission of February 1947 marked a shift away from rather crude quantitative measures of caloric intake to more subtle qualitative ones of dietary balance and combinations of nutrients. The Occupation's chief concern then became the dearth of animal protein. Attempts to correct this shortfall by reestablishing Japan's fishing and whaling industries proved unpopular with U.S. allies. The Occupation preferred to champion the success of its school lunch program, whose core component - powdered skim milk imported from the United States - was viewed as an invaluable weapon in the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight species of pandarid copepods are redescribed based on specimens recovered from six species of Japanese elasmobranchs. These are Pandarus cranchii Leach, 1819, P. smithii Rathbun, 1886, Gangliopus pyriformis Gerstaecker, 1854, Pseudopandarus gracilis Kirtisinghe, 1950, Dinemoura latifolia (Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861), Echthrogaleus coleoptratus (Guérin-Méneville, 1837), E. denticulatus Smith, 1874, and Nesippus orientalis Heller, 1868. In P. cranchii, both sexes of copepodid IV and V are described, one of them retains the frontal filament. The postnaupliar juveniles preceding the adult are referred to here as copepodid stages instead of chalimus. The presence of the postantennal process was verified in all species here dealt with, though it is replaced by an additional adhesion pad in D. latifolia. The depression, seemingly acting as the sucker, was found in N. orientalis on the female leg 3 basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many problems are being solved here, because the nisei boys in uniform are cooperating to the utmost. We are spreading news of democracy ... and many other good things of life, which the Japanese people ... never knew about ... We are planting the seeds for a New Japan under the kind surveillance of the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new species of the family Shiinoidae, Shiinoa japonica, S. purionura, and Parashiinoa cookeola are described based on specimens recovered from the nasal lamellae of Japanese actinopterygian fishes, Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825), Prionurus scalprum Valenciennes, 1835, and Cookeolus japonicus (Cuvier, 1829), respectively. The male of S. japonica and the male copepodid II of P. cookeola are described. All host fishes named above represent new host families for the Shiinoidae. The phylogenetic affinity of this family with the Philichthyidae is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine podocopid ostracod, Bradleya japonica Benson, 1972 is redescribed on the basis of appendages and adult valves. This is the first report describing the appendages of the species. The reflectivity of the shells abruptly increases around an incident angle of 70°, and the reflectivity reaches to ca. 50% around an incident angle of 85° from the possible life position of this animal. Based on optical and morphological analyses, Bradleya japonica has a shell shape that minimizes reflection from the shell under the downwelling light conditions in which it lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the alpheid shrimp genus Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955, S. brucei sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The type series was obtained by yabby pump from burrows of the callianassid ghost shrimp, Lepidophthalmus tridentatus (Von Martens, 1868). The new species is unique within the genus in the lack of orbital teeth of the carapace, but the presence of numerous setae on the fingers of the chelipeds and the enlarged minor cheliped link it to S. seticheles Anker, 2003, known from the Northern Territory, Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of rhynchocinetid shrimp, Cinetorhynchus brucei sp. nov., is described and illustrated on the basis of two specimens from Kume-jima Island, Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan. The absence of an arthrobranch on the second and third pereopods links C. brucei to C. manningi Okuno, 1996, known from the western Atlantic Ocean, but the present new species differs from the latter on account of the length of stylocerite, the development of the podobranch of the second maxilliped, and the armature of the meri of the ambulatory pereopods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of his roughly fifty-year ministry, the Japanese vinaya (ritsu) revivalist priest Eison (also read “Eizon,” 1201–1290) is said to have bestowed the bodhisattva precepts upon some 97,710 people. Many of these conferrals were given en masse, with tens or hundreds (and, according to some records, even thousands) taking precepts (jukai; Chns. shoujie) from Eison together, in single ceremonies. This study places Eison's use of precept-conferral ceremonies in the broader historical context of East Asian, and especially Japanese, Buddhist practice. It then focuses on the particular methods used and innovations introduced by Eison and his vinaya-revival movement, paying close attention to the socio-political roles that precept-conferral ceremonies played in relationships between monks, monasteries, and lay devotees in medieval Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Thaumastognathia tanseimaruae n. sp. is described from off Yakushima Is., southern Japan. Thaumastognathia tanseimaruae differs from its congeners primarily by having pereonite 4 partly fused with pereonite 5, the cephalosome with a small, rounded tubercle and a large, elliptical tubercle dorsally, a pentagonal pleotelson without setae, a large second article of the maxilliped, and the pylopod without setae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1947 has not been sufficiently understood as a narrative in its own right, but rather, as a transitional conflict between Nationalist and Communist rule. The examination of the visual imagery of warfare disseminated through newsprint and books is one way to reinterpret the history of this period. Through a close reading of images printed in a Shanghai newspaper, Zhonghua ribao, during the final days of the battle for the city in 1937, we see how the news was shaped to impose a narrative of order with a positive teleology at a time when China was plunged into chaos with no guarantee of the eventual outcome of the war. The nature of this narrative is explored through examination of images of the body, as well as the positioning of images in the context of the printed page. The conclusion then contrasts these images with a pictorial history of the Sino-Japanese War published during the Civil War, in 1947. It suggests that although this book is able to bring narrative closure to the earlier conflict, its own narrative is imbued with an unease caused by the reality of the new war that had broken out within months of the ending of the war against Japan, and suggests that narrative closure is never truly obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 1931, Japanese-hired Chinese 'plainclothesmen' attacked strategic locations in the Chinese portions of Tianjin leading to the eruption of a mini war for most of the month. At the time the Chinese and Japanese sides engaged in a bitter dispute about the basic facts of the events. The use of photographs in the service of these conflicting narratives shows that on the Chinese side coverage emphasised the link between the plainclothesmen and Japan by contrasting Japanese aggression with Chinese victimhood. Photographs in Japanese sources portrayed an enclosed and claustrophobic Japanese concession surrounded by threats from Chinese agitators goaded on by the Nationalist government. In all versions, photographic content and political narrative often fit awkwardly. Captions, juxtaposition and accompanying news stories placed otherwise cryptic photographs in larger political narratives. The ubiquitous use of photographs indicates a belief in their power which derived from both their claim on veracity and their ability to create an emotional conenction with the viewer. As a political tool, the photograph functioned in public mass media where readers hungered for the poignant and sensational. In the end, veracity and emotional charge, political narrative and sensationalist photo, militarism and wartime reporting were all inextricably linked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depopulation of urban areas is a serious issue in twenty-first century Japan, as shown by the recent large-scale amalgamation of municipalities and programmes to combat declining central city areas. However, this is not the first time depopulation has had a significant effect on urban development: the decline in castle towns after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 had profound effects on both urban form and development concepts. Kanazawa, once one of the largest cities in Japan, suffered from an initial and long-lasting drop and then a more insidious decline as its Japan Sea coast location cut it off from the bulk of industrial and trade development. This article uses a two-fold approach to examine depopulation: first, an examination of the physical effects of depopulation based on statistical analysis of pre-war land registers shows the patterns of decline and regrowth throughout the modern period. Second, the impact of depopulation on the city's image of itself is examined through period documents such as council records and local newspapers. The need to regain status through population rank became an overarching goal of the urban leaders, and formed the basis of Kanazawa's reactions to the modern era and eventually towards imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that Japan is playing an 'alternative role' in its foreign policy—that it is keeping a 'conspicuously low profile' and that its stance is in some sense 'unique'—has been a recurring theme of analysis of Japanese foreign policy. This article aims to critique this idea of Japanese exceptionalism, epitomised for instance in the 'aikido state' metaphor. By analysing Japan's role in the Six-Party Talks—arguably a suitable case for testing this metaphor—the article concludes that, far from keeping a low profile, Tokyo has exercised obstructive power over other actors involved in the talks. This conclusion is substantiated by comparison with Tokyo's role in other important instances of North Korea policy coordination over the period 1993–2002. By comparing Japanese behaviour with that of the USA, China, Russia and North Korea, the article concludes, furthermore, that the concepts of 'obstructionism' and 'power' facilitate understanding of their behaviour as well—with the implication that Japan's foreign policy is not so unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new ingolfiellid amphipod, Ingolfiella inermis n. sp. is described from a coral sandy beach of Okinawa, southern Japan. The new species differs from its congeners in the following characters: head, pereionites, pleonites, and urosomites without dorsal setae; fleshy and moderately long telson; broad carpus of gnathopod 2 with some minute teeth and long palmar angle spine; dactyli of gnathopods 1 and 2 each with 4 teeth; pereiopod 7 longer than the other pereiopods; uropod 1 longer than uropod 2; outer ramus of uropod 1 longer than 1/2 inner ramus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the coexistence of two North American invasive crayfish species in Japan. The species Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii are alien species introduced from North America between 1926 and 130. A study reveals that P. leniusculus can inhabit warm waters and can rapidly spread after invasions because of its high reproductive ability.

The article focuses on origin and recent distribution of Procambarus Clarkii (P. Clarkii), also known as the red swamp crayfish, in Japan. P. Clarkii was exported to Japan in 1927 from the U.S. and has become well adopted to the Japanese environment. This species has caused some damage to the freshwater ecosystem in the country. The distribution of P. Clarkii has progressively expanded its range in the country.

Copyright of Crustaceana is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new species, Heteromysis komaii, is described from specimens obtained from the gastral cavity of sponges, Callyspongia confoederata, from the Uraga Channel, located at the entrance of Tokyo Bay, central Japan. Heteromysis komaii is distinguished from all known species of the genus by several features: the distal segment of the antennular peduncle has a flagellate spine at the inner distal angle, the antennal scale is longer than the antennal peduncle, the endopod of the third thoracopod has two flagellate spines at the inner distal angle of the carpus, the fourth to eighth thoracopodal endopods have the carpopropodus divided into two or three subsegments, the male pleopod is unmodified, the uropodal endopod is without spines, the telson has spines on the distal half of the lateral margin, and the apical cleft of the telson is with spinules throughout. The distribution and habitats of the species of Heteromysis are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an assessment of the bosei hogo ronsō (the controversy over the protection of motherhood) which developed between 1916 and 1919 among four female protagonists—Hiratsuka Raichō, Yosano Akiko, Yamakawa Kikue and Yamada Waka. It describes the origin and development of the controversy in the light of international and domestic social and political changes affecting women in Japan in the 1910s. It examines each protagonist's views on the rights and wrongs of the state protecting motherhood, and compares their positions. It also discusses the influence which Western feminists such as Olive Schreiner and Ellen Key had on the debate, and the conclusion which the debate reached. The article finally reviews the achievements and limitations of this key debate, and assesses the impact the controversy had on the Japanese women's movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulnerability of the beach mysid, Archaeomysis kokuboi to fish predators was investigated in the field in order to examine the functional role of their ontogenetic distribution pattern in terms of predation avoidance on a sandy beach in Otsuchi Bay, Japan. Vulnerability was measured intraspecifically on the basis of the stomach contents of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and the Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus, both primary predators of A. kokuboi on the study site. The vulnerability pattern showed a clear diel variation, but mature females, which occur closest to the shoreline, were consistently less vulnerable, regardless of the time of day. In predation experiments with flounders in still water conditions in the laboratory, non-brooding females, which were less vulnerable in the field, became highly vulnerable at the same level as mature males, which are most vulnerable in the field at night, suggesting environmental characteristics of the inshore area, i.e., swash movement or shallowness, function as factors allowing refuge for mature females from fish predators. Additionally, the modified nocturnal swimming rhythm contributes to a lower vulnerability in brooding females. Possible causes for the variation in vulnerability among other stages (mature males and juveniles) and its implication for the functional role of their behaviour are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of goneplacid crab, Goneplax marivenae and G. megalops, are described from the Philippines and Japan, respectively. Both new species are closely similar to G. sigsbei (A. Milne-Edwards, 1880) from the western Atlantic Ocean in the form of the carapace, eyestalk, fourth ambulatory leg, and male pleopods, but can be distinguished from G. sigsbei by the form of the orbit. Both new species are also similar to G. maldivensis Rathbun, 1902, but are distinguished from G. maldivensis by the form of the male abdomen. Goneplax marivenae is most closely similar to G. megalops, but can be distinguished from G. megalops by the form of the extraorbital tooth and the male first pleopod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcinus hazletti Haig & McLaughlin, originally described from Hawaii, was recently collected from Japanese waters. One individual from Kushimoto, Kii Peninsula, showed an unusual colour variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study on shore stranding of the neritic euphausiid, "pseudeuphausia latifrons," in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Western Japan in December 2002. Dominance of the euphausiid crustacean, "pseudeuphausia latifrons," among sampled and analyzed planktonic animals; Measurement, sexing and gut analysis on samples; Report of stranding as regular event during the period of winter to early spring; Combination of location-wise factors inducing the stranding of "pseudeuphausia latifrons"; Indication of the existence of a possibly large population of P. latifrons of western Japan that requires further study for better understanding of ecology of the species.

Studies the diet and feeding habits of the sand shrimp, Crangon uritai in the Japanese Central Seto Inland Sea. Indication of epibenthic crustaceans as the primary portion of dietary items consumed by C. uritai; Variation in dietary composition of Crangon uritai stomach contents among different size classes; Increase in feeding activity during daytime and shift in major food items depending on habitat and prey availability.

Calcinus hazletti Haig & McLaughlin, 1984, previously known only from Hawaii, is recorded from Japanese waters. This represents a major range extension to the northwest. A full description and detailed illustrations are provided for better understanding of the species. Most of the males examined in this study possess small gonopores on the coxae of the third pereopods (= female gonopores). Calcinus haigae Wooster, 1984, very closely related to C. hazletti, is also redescribed in detail. Mouthparts of both species are described for the first time. The affinities and taxonomic problems among C. haigae and its colour variant, and C. nitidus var. australis Bouvier, 1915, considered a synonym of C. rosaceus Heller, 1861, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the claim that Nihonotrypaea (N.) harmandi is a synonyom of N. japonica. Specimens collected from intertidal sandflats in western Kyushu, Japan; Information on the taxonomic revision of Callianassa japonica.

At first sight, the East Asian financial crisis represents an instance of Japan failing the test of regional leadership - as evidenced by its abandonment of initial proposals for an Asian Monetary Fund (AMF) in the face of US and Chinese opposition in 1997. However, if a second look is taken, and one which is sensitised to the fundamental characteristics of its diplomacy, then Japan can be seen as far more effective in augmenting its regional leadership role than previously imagined. Indeed, this article demonstrates that Japanese policy-makers have resurrected, over the longer term and in different guises, AMF-like frameworks which provide a potential springboard for further regional cooperation. Hence, the aims of this article are twofold. The first is to demonstrate the overall efficacy of Japanese regional economic diplomacy, and its ability to control outcomes through steering East Asia towards enhanced monetary cooperation. The second is to explain the reasons behind Japan's distinctive policy approach towards the financial crisis and general lessons for understanding its foreign policy. The article seeks to do so by asking three fundamental questions about the 'what', 'why' and 'how' of Japan's regional role: 'what' in terms of the dominant behavioural patterns of Japan's economic diplomacy; 'why' in terms of the motivations for this behaviour; and 'how' in terms of Japan's instrumentalisation of its regional policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]