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Backgrounds: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial diseases worldwidethat can be presented asymptomatic or symptomatic, characterized by a wide range of symptoms from mild irritative voiding to bacteremia, sepsis, or even death. In latter decades, widespread utilization of antibiotics has resulted in increased incidence of antibiotic resistance among urinary tract pathogens all over the world. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine patterns of antibiotic resistance bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections in the city of Karaj, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the city of Karaj from November 2009 to August 2010. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests. Antibacterial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer method against some common antibiotics for Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and the data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 12.0.1. Results: In this study, 230 (8.06%)out of 2852 patients showed positive urine cultures of which there were 204 (88.69%) females and 26 (11.3%) males. 180 (83.17%) cases of isolated bacteria were Gram negative bacilli while 50 (21.73%) cases were Gram positive cocci. E. coli isolates, as the most frequent Gram negative bacteria, showed high resistance to cephalothin (88.16%) and high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (90.78%). Also Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates, as the most frequent Gram positive bacteria, exhibited high resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin (92.31%) and high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin and vancomycin (92.3%). Conclusions: considering the results of this study, E.coli isolates were the predominant pathogens in UTI. Our data demonstrated that antibiotics with the highest activity included ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin and those with the least activity included ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Our findings reinforce the need for ongoing investigations to show the trends of antibiotic resistance which can help antibiotic prescription in the clinics.

Background Thermophilic campylobacters, particularly Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are the main agents of human campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter contaminated chicken products is the most important source of foodborne gastroenteritis. Evaluation of genetic diversity among Campylobacter population is critical for understanding the epidemiology of this bacterium and developing effective control strategies against Campylobacter infections and other related disorders. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of thermophilic Campylobacter isolated from broiler fecal samples in Shiraz, southern Iran. Materials and methods Ninety Campylobacter isolates were recovered from broiler feces using enrichment process followed by cultivation method. The isolates were species typing on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of 16SrRNA and multiplex PCR for determining two thermophilic species. To evaluate strain diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter isolates, flaA PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was performed using DdeI restriction enzyme. Results All 90 Campylobacter isolates confirmed by m-PCR were successfully typed using flaA-PCR-RFLP. Eleven different types were defined according to flaA-typing method and the RFLP patterns were located at three separate clusters in RFLP image analysis dendrogram. Conclusions Campylobacter jejuni isolates significantly showed more variety than C. coli isolates. A relatively low genetic diversity existed among C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from broilers in Shiraz, southern Iran. In our knowledge, this was the first report of genetic diversity among broiler originated human pathogen thermophilic campylobacters in Shiraz, southern Iran.

Background: Campylobacter is one of the leading bacterial species causing foodborne illnesses in humans. Antimicrobial agents have been extensively used for treatment of Campylobacter infections; but in the recent years, both animal and human isolates of this bacterium have shown resistance to several antibiotics such as tetracycline. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance in Campylobacter spp. recovered from poultry carcasses in Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods: Eighty-three thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Isolates were first identified based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then screened for presence of tetracycline resistance genes (tet (A), tet (B), tet (O) and te (S)) by PCR. Results: The overall prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli among the examined isolates was 51.8% and 48.2%, respectively. Tetracycline resistance genes of tet (B) and tet (S) were not seen among these Campylobacter spp. Isolates, whereas the most common tet gene identified was tet (O), found in 83.1% (69/83) of all the isolates. The tet (O) gene sequence comparison between C. jejuni and C. coli showed 100% similarity and these sequences (JX853721and JX853722) were also identical to the homologous sequences of other strains of Campylobacter spp. existing in the GenBank databases. In addition, tet (A) was found in 18% (15/83) of Campylobacter spp. isolates. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of tet (A) in Campylobacter spp. There was 100% homology between the sequences of tet (A) from this study (JX891463 and JX891464) and the tet (A) sequences mentioned for other bacteria in the GenBank databases. Conclusions: The high prevalence of tet (O) resistance gene along with new detection of tet (A) resistance gene in Campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry carcasses revealed an extensive tetracycline resistance among Campylobacter isolates from poultry in Iran. It emphasized the need for cautious use of tetracycline in poultry production to decrease the extension of tetracycline-resistant Campylobacter spp.