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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk urea dengan dosis berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan yaitu perlakuan A (kontrol tanpa pemberian pupuk urea 0 mg/L), perlakuan B (pemberian pupuk urea 27 mg/L), perlakuan C (pemberian pupuk urea 47 mg/L), dan perlakuan D (pemberian pupuk 67 mg/L). Parameter yang diuji adalah tingkat pertumbuhan mutlak dan tingkat pertumbuhan spesifik. Analisis data menggunakan ANOVA. Biota rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera) dengan berat rata-rata 200 g (total 2.400 g), masing-masing 200 g rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera) dimasukkan ke dalam akuarium berukuran 40x40x35 cm dengan lama pemeliharaan 35 hari. Pertumbuhan mutlak diperoleh pada perlakuan A (tanpa pemberian pupuk) yaitu sebesar -111 g, kedua perlakuan D sebesar -115 g, ketiga perlakuan C sebesar -129,3 g, dan terendah pada perlakuan B sebesar -135,7 g. Pertumbuhan spesifik diperoleh pada perlakuan A (tanpa pemberian pupuk) yaitu sebesar -2,68 g, kedua perlakuan D sebesar -2,74 g, ketiga perlakuan C sebesar -3,00 g, dan terendah adalah perlakuan B sebesar -3,28 g. Berdasarkan hasil uji ANOVA dapat disimpulkan bahwa penelitian yang dilakukan dengan penambahan pupuk urea dengan dosis yang berbeda tidak memiliki efek yang nyata (P>0,05) terhadap pertumbuhan mutlak dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera).

This study aimed to determine the effect of Mimosa invisa L. weed extract application and a low dose of NPK fertilizer on the intensity of pest attack and pathogen infection on upland rice. This research has been done using Split Plot Design with 3 replications. The main plot was the dose of NPK fertilizer (50% and 100% NPK). The subplot was the concentration of weed extract (0, 1.25, 1.67, 2.5, and 5% concentrations). The variables observed include the intensity of grasshopper and case worm attack, Cercospora sp. that causes brown spots, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae that causes bacterial leaf blight. The results showed that the application of weed extract under a low dose (50% NPK) has not been able to suppress the intensity of grasshopper and case worm attacks, and the intensity of the pathogen causes brown spots and bacterial leaf blight. However, 2,5% and 5% concentrations of weed extract can potentially suppress pathogen infection that causes brown spots on upland rice. Keywords: grasshopper, brown spots, Mimosa invisa L.weed extract, case worm, bacterial leaf blight, NPK fertilizer

Abiu (Pouteria caimito Radlk.) is a plant of Sapotaceae family that can be consumed fresh, processed, or as a medical product. The fruit and leaves of this plant contain bioactive compounds. This research aims to inform the interaction between leaf:fruit ratio treatment and foliar fertilizer on the quality of the abiu fruit. The study was conducted at Kebun Balungbang Jaya, Dramaga, Bogor, West Java Province, from July 2022 to November 2022. The experiment used a factorial split plot design. The main plot was a leaf:fruit ratio treatment (N1, 45 leaves:1 fruit, and N2, 30 leaves:1 fruit) on each tertiary branch, and the tiller plot was foliar fertilizer (P1: 1 g L-1, P2: 2 g L-1, and P3: 3 g L-1), which consisted of 3 replications. The results showed that treatment of the leaf-fruit ratio and foliar fertilizer did not affect the quality of the abiu fruit. The interaction between leaf:fruit ratio and foliar fertilizer had a significant effect on ATT, as indicated by the lowest acidity value in the leaf:fruit ratio treatment of 45:1 and a fertilizer concentration of 1 g L-1 with a value of 0.12% but has no significant effect on the external and internal quality of other fruits. Keywords: Bioactive compounds, sapotaceae, tertiary branch, titratable acidity

Okra (Abelmochus esculentus L. Moench) has a fairly high nutritional content; every 10 gr of young okra fruit contains 33 calories, 7 gs of carbohydrates, 3.2 gs of fiber, and 81 mg calcium. Okra fruit contains a lot of mucilage due to its high fiber content. This study aimed to determine the effect of rock phosphate doses and types of mycorrhizae and the interaction between these two factors on the growth and yield of okra in saline soil. The research results showed that the dose of mycorrhiza had a very significant effect on the growth and yield of okra plants. The best dose of mycorrhiza was 10 g/plant, and the best type was Acauluspora. It showed that a dose of 10 g/plant with the Acauluspora type on okra yields on Ultiisol soil had given the best results in the vegetative phase, which could be seen in plant height parameters 15 and 30 ADP. The dose of rock phosphate is 150 g, which can be seen in the 300 g planting parameter and in almost all the observed variables. Hyphae in the soil can spread widely, which helps absorb more water. The best yields of okra plants were found by applying a mycorrhizal dose of 10 g on fruit weight variables of plants' mycorrhizal colonization on vase vegetative roots and mycorrhizal colonization on plant roots in the generative phase. Keywords: biological agents, fertilizer, mycorrhiza, rock phosphate

Chlorella vulgaris merupakan salah satu mikroalga yang berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan baku biodiesel. Selain itu juga digunakan sebagai food additive serta sumber pakan alami sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya kultur untuk memenuhi ketersediaan stok C. vulgaris. Kondisi lingkungan serta nutrien merupakan kondisi yang perlu diperhatikan. Salah satu sumber nutrien dapat diperoleh dari hasil fermentasi karagenan. Sedangkan kondisi lingkungan berkaitan dengan sistem kultur yang digunakan. Kultur skala semi massal digunakan untuk meningkatkan biomassa mikroalga. Penelitian tersebut menggunakan uji ANOVA dan uji jarak berganda Duncan dengan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan yaitu P1 (Kontrol): menggunakan pupuk campuran Urea 70 ppm, ZA 40 ppm, TSP 40 ppm, EDTA 5 ppm, FeCl3 1 ppm, dan NPK 5 ppm dengan takaran pemberian disamakan dengan dosis pupuk Walne yakni 1 mL/L, P2: menggunakan pupuk karagenan yang difermentasi dengan dosis 20 ppm, P3: menggunakan pupuk karagenan yang difermentasi dengan dosis 30 ppm, dan P4: menggunakan pupuk karagenan yang difermentasi dengan dosis 40 ppm. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa penambahan pupuk karagenan yang difermentasi diperoleh dosis terbaik 20 ppm dengan hasil diameter sel 2,79 µm dan kandungan lipid 45,02%.

The content in banana peels, namely protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and sulfur, has the potential to be used as liquid organic fertilizer (LOF). This study aims to evaluate the application of various doses of LOF derived from kepok banana peel on the growth and production of okra plants. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta, from March to July 2021. The experiment used a Randomized Group Design (RAK), with six treatments and four repeats. The treatments are P0 (inorganic fertilizer as a control), P1 (50 mL LOF), P2 (75 mL LOF), P3 (100 mL LOF), P4 (125 mL LOF), and P5 (150 mL LOF). The results showed that the application of kepok banana peel LOF did not affect the growth and production of okra plants compared to the application of inorganic fertilizers. The cause is the low nutrient content in LOF banana peel of kepok. Keywords: as liquid organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, kepok, liquid organic fertilizer, okra

The productivity of common beans has fluctuated in the last 5 years. The decrease and increase in productivity occur due to decreased soil quality due to a lack of organic matter. Plant productivity with excessive use of inorganic fertilizers can reduce soil fertility. The solution to restoring microbial activity and soil fertility levels can be taken through a nature farming approach, namely by utilizing organic fertilizers derived from cow manure and additional plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) biological fertilizers. This research was conducted at a production site on Jalan Tidar, Jember, East Java, from January to March 2023. The design used was factorial RAK with 3 repetitions. The first factor was the dose of cow manure, which consists of 4 levels, namely 0, 10, 15, and 20 tons/ha. The second factor was the concentration of PGPR, which consists of 4 levels: 0, 10, 15, and 20 mL/L. The results do not show any interaction between cow manure and PGPR on all parameters. Cow manure has a noticeable effect on growth parameters and quantity. The best dose of cow manure and the highest protein content value was 20 tons/ha. The concentration of PGPR had only a noticeable effect on plant height and number of leaves. PGPR concentrations of 15 mL/L and 20 mL/L both give the best results and produce the highest antioxidant activity value at 15 mL/L. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, common bean, cow manure, pgpr, protein

Gotu kola is one of the medicinal plants that is widely used because of its various nutritional content. In general, the cultivation only uses inorganic fertilizers, which have long-term effects that are not good for the environment. The use of organic fertilizers is an effort to produce high-standard products. Rabbit urine liquid organic fertilizer and goat manure are alternative types of fertilizer that can be given. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the response of giving liquid organic fertilizer of rabbit urine and goat manure and their interaction with the growth and yield. The study used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor was rabbit urine liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) with a concentration of 0, 2, and 4%. The second factor was goat manure with doses of 0, 37, and 75 g/polybag. The results showed that applying rabbit urine (LOF) and goat manure increased the growth and yield of gotu kola. Application of 2% rabbit urine LOF significantly increased stalk length compared to controls. Gotu kola plants given 37 g/polybag of goat manure produced stolons that were significantly longer than those treated with goat manure 75 g/polybag and had significantly heavier roots than other treatments. The interaction of rabbit urine LOF and goat manure application had no significant effect on all observed variables. Keywords: goat manure, gotu kola, liquid organic fertilizer, rabbit urine

Entisol has poor physical, chemical, and biological properties that limit the growth and yield of maize. This study aimed to obtain the correct dose of vermicompost to increase the growth and yield of maize on Entisols. The research was arranged using Randomized Block Design, consisted of 7 treatment doses of vermicompost fertilizer (0; 2.5; 5; 7.5; 10; 12.5; and 15 Mg ha-1 and 4 re;plications. The results showed that the dose of vermicompost significantly affected the growth and yield of maize in coastal entisol soils. The dose of 10 Mg ha-1 was the best on plant height, leaf number, fresh weight, plant dry weight, shoot fresh weight, fresh root weight, and shoot and root dry weight. Meanwhile, the dose of 12.5 Mg ha-1 produced the best maize yields for the fresh weight of husked ear per plant, fresh weight of unhusked ear per plant, and dry grain weight per plant, namely, 322.75 g, 286.66 g, and 173.4 g, respectively. The best results of fresh weight of husked ear per plot, fresh weight of unhusked ear per plot, and dry grain weight per plot were achieved by vermicomposting of 15 Mg ha-1, which were 11.28 kg, 9.72 kg, and 5.94 kg, respectively. Keywords: coastal, Entisol, maize, vermicompost, yield

PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (PSP) produces 1,222 tons fly ash per month from the operation of a coal boiler with a capacity of 1x23 MW. Fly ash has potential physical properties and mineral content. The Government Regulation No.22 of 2021, which classifies fly ash as a non-B3 waste, open up opportunities to utilize fly ash in a fertilizer product. In this project, the development of NPK 15-10-12 fertilizer with fly ash as a filler and fertilizer testing on tomato plants has been conducted. The use of fly ash as a filler in the granulation process has no effect on crushing strength and nutrient content of N, P, and K. The effects of using fly ash in the granulation process are in the consumption of water and in the granule drying process. The greater the ratio of fly ash the more water needed in the granulation process and eventually causes an increase in the moisture content in the final product. From the results of fertilizer test on tomato plants on the parameters of plant height, plant diameter, and fruit weight, the use of NPK with fly ash-filler did not give a significant difference compared to the use of NPK without fly ash. The use of fly ash as a filler also does not give any influence on the content of heavy metals in the fruit of tomato. Increase in pH of soil are observed in fertilization to NPK 15-10-12 using fly ash fillers. Keywords: fly ash, granulation, NPK Fertilizer, tomatoes

Guano can be used as an organic fertilizer in anticipating fertilizer shortages. This study aims to obtain the right dose of guano for the growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata L). The method used in this study was a single-factor randomized block design, consisting of 4 treatments of doses of guano fertilizer and 4 replications. Fertilizer dosage treatments were: g0 = no guano, g1 = 3 tons guano/ha, g2 = 5 tons guano/ha, g3 = 7 tons guano/ha. Observation parameters consisted of plant height (cm), the number of leaves (strand), the diameter of the stem (cm), the diameter of the ear (cm), the length of the ear (cm), and the weight of fruit/bed (kg). The results showed that the use of guano at a dose of 7 tons/ha was the best dose for plant height, the number of leaves, ear diameter, stem diameter, and cob weight. It was concluded that guano could increase the growth and yield of sweet corn. Keywords: corn, guano, organic fertilizer

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the treatment of organic material sources Mucuna and Crotolaria and the dose of vesicle arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) on the chemical quality of vertisol, nutrient uptake and maize yield in dry land. The research was carried out in the experimental field of the Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic, in the village of Oesao, East Kupang District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The study took place from May to September 2021. The study design used a factorial randomized block design. The first factortreatment was source of organic matter (B) of ground cover plant biomass, namely: B0 = no ground cover plant biomass; BM = Mucuna and its biomass are immersed; BC = Crotolaria and its biomass immersed. The second treatment was dose of VAM biofertilizer (D), namely: M0 = 0 g plant-1 (without VAM); M1 = 10 g plant-1; M2 = 20 g plant-1. The results showed that the application of organic material sources and the dose of VAM, respectively, could significantly improve the chemical properties of vertisol. The results showed that the use of organic matter and dose of VAM independently was proven to be the most effective in improving the chemical quality of vertisol. Application of organic matter Mucuna and Crotolaria at a dose of VAM 20 g plant-1 significantly increased N uptake in maize by 53.26‒54.45%, maize P uptake by 27.83% and 28.85%, and the yield of dry shelled corn by 146.92% and 146.92% compared to other treatments. Keywords: organic matter, vesicle arbuscular mycorrhizae, soil chemical

The number and type of microorganisms in the soil indicate soil fertility. The use of fertilizers can affect the growth of microorganisms in the soil. Quantitative tests are conducted to evaluate how fertilizers affect the presence of bacteria, fungi, and algae. The number of bacteria and fungi is calculated using the standard plate count method, while the number of algae is calculated using the most probable number method. The highest number of bacteria found in urea-phosphate-potassium (UPK) applications of zeolite polymers is 50%, which is 3.4 × 106 CFU/mL; the most fungi are found in 25% of applications, which is 2.5 × 104 CFU/mL. In contrast, the highest algae population was in control soils, 2.7 × 104 CFU/mL. However, for treatment, an enormous amount is found in the administration of 50% zeolite polymer UPK as much as 1.4 × 103 CFU/mL, so it can be concluded that the administration of UPK zeolite polymer affects the number of microorganisms on the cornfield. Keywords: soil microorganism, polyacrylate, UPK, zeolite

Zn levels in rice are essential for maintaining consumer health. However, Zn deficient plants can reduce levels of Zn in grains and the ability of plants to express their genetic potentials. This study examines the use of cow manure enriched with Zn heptahydrate on increasing Zn levels of broken skin rice. The experiment was arranged in a randomized single factor group design with seven levels of manure dose treatment, namely: 0; 2.5; 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 tons ha-1, with 3 replications. Spacing was 30 cm x 30 cm with a size of 3 m x 4 m. The parameters observed were plant growth, the weight of 1,000-grain, percentage of empty grain, production, Zn and protein contents of the brown rice. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance with a confidence interval of 5%, followed by the Duncan test of 5%. The results showed that the application of cow manure with a dose of 10 tons ha-1 enriched by 5 kg ha-1 Zn heptahydrate could increase the number of productive tillers, weight of 1,000-grains, production, Zn and protein contents of the brown rice as well as suppress the grainy rice grain of Mekongga variety of lowland rice on the intermittent flooding. Keywords: brownrice, cow manure, irrigation system, Zn heptahydrate

Rice yield and proper weed control need to be increased through an environmentally friendly agricultural system approach in rainfed land during the dry season by reducing the dosage of synthetic fertilizers. This study aims to determine the effect of different fertilizer applications on rice yield and weed abundance in rainfed land during the dry season. The study used a split-plot design, with the main plot of rice variety, i.e., Situ Bagendit and IR-64, and subplots of fertilizer, namely synthetic fertilizers (N, P, K), organic fertilizers + P60 + ½ dose of synthetic fertilizers, organic fertilizers + PGPR + ½ dose of synthetic fertilizer and organic fertilizer + P60 + PGPR + ½ dose of synthetic fertilizer with three replications. The variables observed were rice yield components, namely panicle length, total empty grain and content per panicle, grain weights per hill, effective plot and hectare, 1000 grain weight, harvest index, and weeds summed dominance ratio (SDR). The synthetic fertilizers and three various organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers, and synthetic fertilizers gave different results on the SDR of weeds. The weeds of Sphenoclea zeynalica and Cyperus difformis showed consistent dominance with higher SDR than other weeds, i.e.,> 15 and > 10, respectively. The application of organic and biological fertilizers with half the recommended dosage of the synthetic fertilizers is equivalent to applying the recommended dosage of synthetic fertilizers on rice yield during the dry season on the rainfed dryland with low rainfall intensity and a low yield of 1.3–1.7 t/ha. Keywords: biological fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizers, rice, weeds

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of fertilization on four varieties mungbean in ultisol acid soils and its residual on cowpea. The experiment was conducted at the screen house of Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute (ILETRI), Malang, East Java, from November 2014April 2015. Two types of research conducted sequentially, the first planting was four mungbean varieties and the second planting was cowpea (continued from the first planting) without additional fertilizer. This experiment was laid out in split plot design, replicated three times. In the first planting, mungbean as the main plot, namely Kenari (V1), Murai (V2), Kutilang (V3), and Vima 1 (V4). Fertilizer rates as the sub plot, namely control or without fertilizer (P0), 300 kg Phonska/ha (P1), 1500 kg cow manure/ha (P2), 3000 kg cow manure/ha (P3), and 5000 kg cow manure/ha (P4). The cowpea variety used in the second planting was KT 4, with the experiment design following the first planting. The results from first planting showed that growth of mungbean varieties was relatively same at ultisol acid soils, and seed yield can increase by application 300 kg/ha Phonska or 3000 kg cow manure/ha. The growth of cowpea showed the best result on both fertilizers indicating the presence of fertilizer residue from first planting.

Liquid organic fertilizers (POC) is an alternative to the addition of macro and micro nutrients to improve the productivity of soybean. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of varieties and POC Biotek concentration and the interaction on growth and yield of soybean. The experiment was conducted in BPTP East Java experiment field, Malang Karangploso from February-May 2012. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) factorial with three replication was used in this experiment. The first factor is five soybean varieties and the second factor is four POC Biotek concentration. The result of experiment show that varieties significantly different with POC concentration and had interaction varieties and Biotek POC concentration. Burangrang varieties with the Biotek POC concentration 4 ml/l give higher yield (seed weight 17.67 g). Burangrang varieties can be used as a potential alternative to animal feed because it was high dry weight (0.70 kg).

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were: 1) analyze level of satisfaction index, 2) analyze factors that influence the satisfaction of fertilizer license services at the Ministry of Agriculture, 3) analyze the impact of satisfaction that influence recommendation. Data obtained from 86 respondents who were making license at the Pusat Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman dan Perizinan Pertanian (PPVTPP) and Direktorat Jenderal Prasarana dan Sarana Pertanian (Ditjen PSP). The data were processed using Microsoft Office Excel to perform a descriptive cross tabulation analysis for each variable, while the analysis of the direct impact of service satisfaction variable to the recommendation used Path Analysis with LISREL 8.30 program. The conclusion of this study is the reliability and empathy shows direct significant influence to satisfaction but directly all variables are insignificant to recommendation. Indirectly, the variables of tangibility, reliability and responsiveness have significant influence to recommendation.Keywords: servqual model, fertilizer permit service, path analysis, fertilizerABSTRAKTujuan dai penelitian adalah 1) menganlisis tingkat kepuasn, 2) menganalilis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan terhadap pelayanan perizinan pupuk di Kementerian Pertanian, 3) menganalisis pengaruh kepuasan terhadap pemberian rekomendasi. Pengambilan data terdiri dari 86 responden yang sedang mengurus perizinan di Pusat Perlindungan Varietas Tanaman dan Perizinan Pertanian (PPVTPP) dan Direktorat Jenderal Prasarana dan Sarana Pertanian (Ditjen PSP). Pengolahan data dengan menggunakan Mocrosoft Office Excel untuk menghitung analisis tabulasi silang pada setiap variabel, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kepuasan terhadap pemberian rekomendasi menggunakan analisis jalur (path analysis) yang menggunakan program Lisrel 8.30. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah secara langsung variabel keandalan (reliability) dan empati (empathy) berpengaruh siknifikan terhadap terhadap kepuasan. Secara langsung semua variabel tidak berpengaruh terhadap pemberian rekomendasi. Secara tidak langsung melalui kepuasan, variabel tampilan fisik (tangible), keandalan (reliability) dan ketanggapan (responsiveness) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pemberian rekomendasi.Kata kunci: model servqual, layanan perizinan pupuk, analisis path, pupuk

Biofertilizer is a substance which contains microorganism and promotes plant growth by increasing the soil nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to analyze the growth and production of lowland and upland rice by using the biofertilizer in acid soils. Seven isolates of bacteria were used as biofertilizer, i.e. Bacillus sp., two strains of Pseudomonas sp., two strains of Azospirillum sp., and two strains of Azotobacter sp.. The treatments of this study were without fertilization, compost, 100% NPK, compost enriched with 7 isolates, compost enriched with 7 isolates + 50% NPK, compost enriched with 4 isolates, and compost enriched with 4 isolates + 50% NPK. The results showed that biofertilizer in compost improved nutrient content in acid soil, and increased rice growth and production as well. Compost enriched with 7 isolates 50% NPK showed the highest rice yield production both in the lowland and upland rice. The biofertilizer could reduced 50% utilization NPK fertilizer dosage in the first growing season.

Rice has become a staple food of Indonesia's population. The target of rice self-sufficiency continued to be a priority of the government until 2017. This study aims to analyze land use and subsidized fertilizer that affect national rice production and analysis description of the factors that affect rice production covering the spread and proportion in each of the major islands in Indonesia. The data used in this study was a secondary data derived from agricultural statistics of 2013 issued by the Data Center and Information Ministry of Agriculture. The data was processed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results that the national rice production was affected by land use, realization of subsidized urea fertilizer, realization of subsidized SP-36 fertilizer, and realization of subsidized ZA fertilizer. All of these factors on rice production was inelastic in the short term or long term. Java and Bali Island have the highest proportion in all the factors that affect national rice production.

This study aims to determine an alternative subsidy model and distribution system of fertilizer in Indonesia. The purpose of the research in details are to create a framework of fertilizer subsidy policy, analyze factors that are affecting the fertilizer subsidy policy, and to select the best alternative subsidy model and distribution system of fertilizer. Analitical methods used to answer these purposes is by using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) which is also supported by literature study, focus group discussions and interviews with expert respondents. The result concludes that the conditions that affect fertilizer subsidy policy is the economic condition, The main priority of the fertilizer subsidy objective is availibility of fertilizer, the most prioritized fertilizer subsidy is the subsidy for inorganic fertilizer, Ministry of agriculture is the most important actors in the implementation of the fertilizer subsidy policy, and the most important factor considered in choosing a fertilizer distribution system is supervision. The choice of fertilizer subsidy policy in Indonesia is the indirect subsidy model through the manufacturer and its distribution system is conducted by the manufacturer to the farmer. Keywords : Subsidy Policy, Fertilizer Subsidy, Fertilizer Distribution, ANP

The implementation of fertilizer subsidies in Indonesia involves large government budgets, varied stakeholders, and complex business processes. Therefore, the performance of the government on the investment in fertilizer subsidies, worth almost Rp40 trillion or more than 30% of the total non-energy subsidies, needs to be analyzed. The objective of this research was to analyze the performance of fertilizer subsidies through factors affecting fertilizer subsidy budget and ‘six appropriate achievements’ of the fertilizer subsidies in Indonesia. Panel data regression and descriptive analysis were conducted on the secondary data of 2011–2015 in 32 provinces. The results showed that fertilizer subsidy performance, as reflected by the availability of fertilizer subsidy budget, was significantly affected by the absorption of subsidized fertilizer in the previous year, government debt to fertilizer producers, assistance fund to provincial government, and GDRP. With a value over 90 percent, the performances of fertilizer subsidies in ‘six appropriate types’, were achieved on ‘appropriate type’ and ‘appropriate quantity’. The ‘appropriate location’ of each province was in the range of 30-96%. Keywords: fertilizer subsidy, panel data regression, descriptive analysis, subsidy budget, six appropriate Abstrak: Pelaksanaan subsidi pupuk di Indonesia melibatkan anggaran pemerintah yang besar, pemangku kepentingan yang beragam dan bisnis proses yang kompleks. Oleh karena itu, investasi pemerintah dalam subsidi pupuk yang nilainya hampir Rp40 triliun atau lebih 30% dari total subsidi non energi tersebut perlu dianalisis kinerjanya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kinerja subsidi pupuk melalui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi anggaran subsidi pupuk dan pencapaian ‘enam tepat’ subsidi pupuk di Indonesia. Regresi data panel dan analisis diskriptif dilakukan dengan menggunakan data sekunder tahun 2011–2015 dan 32 provinsi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kinerja subsidi pupuk yang dicerminkan oleh ketersediaan anggaran subsidi pupuk signifikan dipengaruhi oleh penyerapan pupuk bersubsidi pada tahun sebelumnya, hutang subsidi pemerintah kepada produsen, dana pendampingan pemerintah pusat kepada pemerintah provinsi dan PDRB. Dengan nilai di atas 90%, kinerja subsidi pupuk dalam ‘enam tepat’ tercapai pada ‘tepat jenis’, dan ‘tepat jumlah’. Kinerja subsidi pupuk dalam ‘tepat tempat’ pada tiap provinsi tercapai pada kisaran 30–96%. Kata kunci: subsidi pupuk, regresi data panel, analisis diskriptif, anggaran subsidi, enam tepat

Positioning is required in every company to influence consumer perceptions and purchasing decisions. Biofertilizer is important to support organic agriculture so market competition in fertilizer industry was increasing. It is important for companies to develop positioning strategies continuously. This study was aim to analyze the position of biofertilizers based on product excellence, identifying attributes that affect consumers choosing biofertilizer, and recommends alternative positioning strategies of biotilizers. Samples consist of 120 respondents, drawn from population farmers in Bogor who know biofertilizer. Respondents were determined using purposive and simple random sampling. The survey was conducted by direct interview. Descriptive, Thurstone Case V, Correspondence, and Chi-Square analysis were used to analyze data. The study find that the EM-4 was the most known biofertilizers. It assessed as trustworthy product, reliable product, cheaper than others, easy to obtain, as well as spread advertising. While Sumber Subur assessed as a product that always want to used. Three main attributes that influence the selection of biofertilizers are quality, price, and content of product. Companies have to improve product quality in order to win market competition. Companies must provide clear information about the advantages and how to use the product on the product packaging. Companies need to approach consumers through farmers' groups, to do direct promotion such as demontration plots and free samples.Keyword: positioning, biofertilizer, thurstone case v, correspondence analysisABSTRAKPositioning perlu dilakukan setiap perusahaan, dengan tujuan membentuk persepsi konsumen yang berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian. Pentingnya pupuk hayati dalam menunjang budidaya pertanian organik menyebabkan persaingan pada industri pupuk semakin meningkat. Sehingga menjadi penting bagi perusahaan untuk selalu mengembangkan strategi positioning Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis posisi pupuk hayati berdasarkan keunggulan produk, mengidentifikasi atribut yang yang dipentingkan konsumen memilih pupuk hayati, serta merekomendasikan alternatif strategi positioning pupuk hayati. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 120 responden, diambil dari populasi petani di Kabupaten Bogor yang mengetahui pupuk hayati dan minimal mengenal satu merek pupuk hayati. Responden ditentukan dengan metode purposive dan simple random sampling. Survei dilakukan dengan wawancara langsung. Analisis Deskriptif, Thurstone Case V, Korespondensi, serta Chi-Square digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa EM-4, pupuk hayati yang paling banyak diketahui, dinilai sebagai produk terpercaya, produk dapat diandalkan, harga murah, mudah diperoleh, serta iklan tersebar. Sedangkan Sumber Subur dinilai sebagai produk yang selalu ingin digunakan. Tiga atribut utama yang dipentingkan konsumen dalam pemilihan pupuk hayati antara lain kualitas, harga, serta kandungan produk. Perusahaan perlu meningkatkan kualitas produk agar dapat bersaing. Perusahaan sebaiknya memberikan informasi yang jelas mengenai keunggulan serta cara pengaplikasian produk kepada konsumen pada kemasan produk. Perusahaan perlu pendekatan konsumen melalui kelompok tani, untuk melakukan promosi langsung berupa demplot dan pemberian sampel gratis.Kata kunci: positioning, pupuk hayati, thurstone case v, analisis korespondensi

Conventional utilization of urea just has absorbed 3060%. Remaining, 4070% lost to environment, give not economic benefit and serious problem in environment. The use of less efficient urea has received attention lately. One way to overcome the problem of inefficiency of urea fertilizer use is a nano-sized fertilizer. Synthesized nanofertilizer in this study were nanomagnetit (Fe3O4). Nanomagnetit synthesized from FeCl3 as a source of iron, sodium citrate as the reductant, and urea as a source base. Nanomagnetite synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Based on the results of X-ray diffraction, the nanomagnetit has average crystal size 46.66 nm and crystal structure is Face Center Cubic. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy shows constituent elements in nanomagnetite are iron (29.45%), oxygen (53.07%), carbon (14.86%), and sodium (2.62%). This shows the iron and oxygen is the main constituent elements nanomagnetite. In the process of magnetite formation absorbed urea by 30% with N content (0.14%) and most are in the liquid synthesis (0.82%) so that it can be used as fertilizer on crops. Based on this research, variations of pH (68) liquid fertilizer provided no significant effect. The addition of 0.15 g nanomagnetite have better growth among other treatments.

Mining activities could have negative impacts on the environment if the tailings produced were not processedproperly. Non-economic tailing is a composite of various minerals (heavy metal) with sandy texture. Environmentalimpacts that might occur as a result of poor processing of tailings is a disruption of natural ecosystems asindicated by a decline in quality and productivity of the environment as a result of changes in soil morphologyand physical properties, chemical, and biological properties. One vegetative technique that could be applied torehabilitate degraded land is re-vegetation with the application of fertilizer. Compost could improve the physicalproperties, chemical, and biological properties of soil. Compost was also an agent of bioremediation so thattoxic heavy metals elements in growing medium could be eliminated or reduced. The experimental design usedin this study was Completely Randomized Design with compost applications consisting of 4 levels of treatmentwith each level of treatment consisting of 3 replications, each replication consisted of one gmelina seedling.Research showed that the application of compost would significantly affect the growth of gmelina’s height, butnot significantly affected the diameter growth. Single-dose effect of 30 g of compost would significantly affect theseedling’s height. The combination of planting and fertilizing glemina using compost could be recommended inan effort to reclaim land of ex-gold mining.Keywords: tailing, bioremediation agent, compost fertilizer, gmelina, growth of seedling

Mining activities could adversely affect the environment if the waste it generates is not processed properly. Negative impacts include disruption of natural ecosystems in the form of changes in soil structure resulting morphology and physical conditions, chemical and biological soil becomes worse. Tailings are mineral-mineral/logam-logam composite weight from mining activities, has a sandy texture. Planting crops gmelina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) On the media tailings with the addition of NPK fertilizer and composted manure is expected to improve the physical properties, chemical and biological soil tailings as a medium for plant growth in land revegetation efforts. Experimental design used in this study was factorial design with two factors. The first factor is fertilizer NPK with 4 level and the second factor is the compost with 4 level. The interaction between NPK fertilizer and compost that give real effect on the growth of both high and diameter gmelina. So that the resulting growth in both fertilizer interaction produces a real growth. A2B3 combination treatment (NPK 10 grams to 30 grams of compost) to give the most obvious influence with the highest growth in response to the control that is 7.56 cm (75.08%). In the interaction treatment A3B0 (NPK fertilizer with compost 15 grams 0 grams) shows the percentage growth in value of the diameter of the supreme control of 0.0575 cm (22.716%)

Tailings is one of the waste generated in the gold mining activities that contain nutrients are low. One of the principles for the management of tailings is merevegetasi land disturbed so that the necessary selection of the type that can be developed, in this case Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Roxb Miq.) Is one type that is recommended to be developed in the post-mine land revegetation because it is a type of fast-growing and has a high adaptability to various soil types. Experimental design used in this study was factorial design with two factors. The first factor is fertilizer NPK with 4 level and the second factor is the compost with 4 level. The best dose of the combination of the two fertilizer on the growth of seedlings jabon is high NPK fertilizer with compost dose of 15 grams and 10 grams and diameter growth for seedlings jabon, the best dose is the dose of 15 grams of NPK fertilizer and compost 0 grams

The aim of this research was to study IAA content, nutrient uptake, growth and productivity of maize and peanut in response to application of biofertilizer. The research was conducted in a green house of Cikabayan IPB Farm, Bogor Agriculture University, Darmaga, Bogor, West Java. A completely randomized design was applied in single factor experiment for maize and peanut with 3 replications. The treatments consisted of 4 factors: I. Without fertilizer, II. 100% biofertilizer (dosage 100g/pot), III. 100% inorganic fertilizer, and IV. Combination of biofertilizer and inorganic fertilizer with 50% dosage. Biofertilizer was applied using compost enriched by Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum sp., Rhizobium sp, and P-solubilising bacteria. The dosage of inorganic fertilizer was 0.5 g/pot of Urea; 0.5 g/pot of SP-36; 0.375 g/pot of KCl for maize, and 0.125 g/pot of Urea; 0.5 g/pot of SP-36; 0.375 g/pot of KCl for peanut. Application of biofertilizer enhanced auxin content of maize by 73-159%, but not in peanut. The treatment also increased the uptake of N, P, and K of both plants by 2 to 35 times as compared to control plant. The production increased by 270% on maize and 66% on peanut due to application of biofertilizer. The result showed that application of compost enriched by microbial activator was able to supplement inorganic fertilizer for growth and production of maize and peanut

Generally, the permanent pasture of dry farming in South East Sulawesi is dominated by the perennial grass and coppi plant, which have very low palatability and benefit for livestock. The aim of the research was to increase the productivity of pasture in South East Sulawesi by introducing perennial grasses and manure application. The experiment was conducted in UPTD and analytical laboratory of FMIPA from April to September 2006 using three types of perennial grasses i.e. Brachiaria decumbens, Paspalum dilatatum and Cynodon plectostachyrus. Perception conducted to calculate the botanical composition and soil properties before and after the treatment. The field experiment was carried out as two factorial experiment arranged in Randomized Block Design. The first factor was the species of perennial grass and the second factor was different level of manure fertilizer. The result of the experiment showed that the crude fibre content of B. decumbens was lower than those of P. dilatatum and C. plectostachyrus. The crude fibre content increased with the increasing manure application. But the protein content of B. decumbens was higher than those of P. dilatatum and C. plectostachyrus. It is suggested to plant B. decumbens to get higher quality forage for livestock in South East Sulawesi.

Pertumbuhan perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan yang cukup pesat. Dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan akibat pertumbuhan perkebunan kelapa sawit ini adalah kerusakan lingkungan dan peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sumber emisi GRK dari kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit dan memberikan alternative untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca melalui pemanfaatan kembali limbah padat dan cair sebagai substitusi pupuk anorganik. Metode yang digunakan adalah penilaian siklus daur hidup (LCA) berdasarkan framework ISO 14040. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa rata-rata emisi GRK yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit adalah 0.08 TCO2e/TTBS/Tahun. Kegiatan pemupukan mempunyai kontribusi cukup tinggi yaitu rata-rata emisi GRK yang dihasilkan adalah 0.07 TCO2e/TTBS/Tahun. Untuk mengurangi emisi GRK yaitu dengan mengoptimalkan penggunaan pupuk organic yang berasal dari limbah produksi CPO berupa limbah cair kelapa sawit (LCPKS) dan janjang kosong kelapa sawit (JJK). Penggunaan LCPKS sebagai pupuk organik berpotensi mengurangi emisi GRK sebesar 0.015 TCO2e/TTBS atau setara dengan 17.03%, sementara penggunaan JJK berpotensi mengurangi emisi GRK sebesar 0.029 TCO2e/TTBS atau setara dengan 33.98%. Optimalisasi penggunaan LCPKS dan JJK sebagai pupuk organik memberikan dampak yang signifikan untuk mengurangi emisi GRK dalam kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit.

Bojonegoro Regency is one of the major sources of food and energy and the 4th largest rice production center in East Java Province; however, it is the most vulnerable region to flood from Bengawan Solo River. The fluctuation of rice production for the last six years shows the existence of rice production risk in Bojonegoro. This research aims to analyze the factors that affect rice production and production risk in Bojonegoro Regency and to analyze the behavior of rice farmers in facing production risk. The data used were secondary data from the Research Center for Disaster of IPB 2016, and the research was held in Kegungprimpen Village, Kanor of Bojonegoro Regency from March-April 2016 with 50 samples from the rice farmers. The data were analyzed using multiple linier regression analysis and absolute risk averse (AR). The results show that the variables of land width, pesticides, and flooding are the increasing risk factors, while those of labor, chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer are the reducing risk factors. The behavior of farmers in facing the production risk a whole shows that the entire rice farmers in e Kedungprimpen Village are risk takers. Assistance in the use of inputs of pesticides and agricultural insurance are required because they can provide protection to rice farmers as anticipation against rice production risk.Keywords: flood, Bengawan Solo River watershed, preference, riskABSTRAKKabupaten Bojonegoro merupakan salah satu wilayah lumbung pangan dan energi serta sentra produksi padi tertinggi ke 4 di provinsi Jawa Timur merupakan wilayah yang paling rentan terhadap bencana banjir sungai Bengawan Solo. Fluktuasi produksi selama enam tahun terakhir menunjukan adanya risiko produksi di Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor – faktor yang memengaruhi produksi dan risiko produksi dan menganalisis preferensi risiko petani padi padi di Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari hasil penelitian Pusat Studi Bencana IPB tahun 2016 yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret - April 2016 di Desa Kegungprimpen, Kecamatan Kanor, Kabupaten Bojonegoro dengan sampel yang digunakan, yaitu 50 petani padi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda dan absolute risk averse (AR). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa variabel luas lahan, pestisida, dan banjir merupakan faktor peningkat risiko (risk increasing factors), sedangkan tenaga kerja, pupuk kimia dan pupuk organik merupakan faktor pengurang risiko (risk reducing factors). Preferensi risiko petani secara keseluruhan menunjukkan bahwa seluruh petani padi yang ada di Desa Kedungprimpen bersifat risk taker. Perlu adanya pendampingan penggunaan input pestisida dan asuransi pertanian yang dapat memberikan perlindungan kepada petani padi sebagai antisipasi terhadap risiko produksiKata kunci: banjir, das bengawan solo, preferensi, risiko

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this study were to analyze the factors that affect the production of cocoa, identify the marketing channels of cocoa, analyze marketing margins received by marketing institutions, and determine the part of the price received by farmers. This study used a survey method to cocoa farmers and large traders (collectors). The analysis of production used Cobb-Douglas function while performance analysis was used to analyze the structure of behavioral marketing and market diversity. The results showed that factors affecting cocoa production in the district of Padang Pariaman and significantly influential as the input are labor, manure, chemical fertilizers, land area, number of crop yield and farmer’s education. The performance of cocoa marketing in Padang Pariaman District was not efficient, based on indicators of marketing margins, small parts of prices received by farmers and farmers markets not yet integrated with market traders in the district level. In the cocoa marketing activities in Padang Pariaman District, the largest margin was received by the village merchant marketing channel III. The amount of prices received by farmers can be determined from the marketing margin. If the part of the marketing margin is higher, the part of prices received by farmers will be smaller, as the case in marketing channels I and III. So the marketing channel II provides the most part of prices for the cocoa farmers in Padang Pariaman district. To increase the production and marketing of cocoa in Padang Pariaman District, several approaches could be implemented such as coaching, strengthening and empowering farmer groups that already exist.Keywords: cocoa, factors production, marketing channels, Padang PariamanABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi produksi kakao, mengidentifikasi saluran pemasaran kakao, menganalisis margin pemasaran yang diterima lembaga pemasaran, dan menentukan besarnya bagian harga yang diterima petani. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey kepada petani kakao dan pedagang besar (pengepul). Analisis produksi menggunakan fungsi Cobb-Douglas dan analisis performent digunakan untuk menganalisis struktur pemasaran perilaku, dan keragaman pasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi kakao di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman dan berpengaruh secara nyata sebagai input adalah tenaga kerja, pupuk kandang, pupuk kimia, luas lahan, jumlah tanaman menghasilkan dan pendidikan petani. Kinerja pemasaran kakao di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman tidak efisien, hal ini berdasarkan indikator besarnya margin pemasaran, kecilnya bagian harga yang diterima petani dan belum terintegrasinya pasar ditingkat petani dengan pasar ditingkat pedagang kabupaten. Pada kegiatan pemasaran kakao di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman, margin terbesar diterima oleh pedagang nagari pada saluran pemasaran III. Bagian harga yang diterima petani dapat ditentukan dari margin pemasaran. Dimana semakin besar margin pemasaran maka bagian harga yang diterima petani akan semakin kecil, seperti yang terjadi pada saluran pemasaran I dan III. Sehingga saluran pemasaran II yang memberikan bagian harga tertinggi pada petani kakao di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Dalam meningkatkan produksi dan pemasaran kakao di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman dapat dilakukan dengan pembinaan, penguatan dan pemberdayaan kelompok tani yang sudah ada. Kata kunci: kakao, faktor produksi, saluran pemasaran, Padang Pariaman

Efficiency for fertilizer producers is critical in facing national and global competition. This study compares the efficiency of national fertilizer producing State-Owned Enterprises (SOE) companies with global fertilizer companies in different market structures. This research uses purposive sampling, namely world fertilizer producers (based on the top 10 in revenue or net profit) and SOE producers. This quantitative research uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method on national and global companies from 2015 to 2021. The research results show that no national fertilizer producer was efficient compared to all global producers in the research period. It shows that the domestic oligopoly market structure tends to be inefficient compared to the global perfect competition market structure. Efficient global companies, including CF Industries, PhosAgro, Yara International, Sinofert, and Nutrien, can be used as benchmarks for national companies to increase their competitiveness. When we compare the efficiency among national companies, Petrokimia Gresik (PKG) and Pupuk Kalimantan Timur (PKT) are efficient. The inequality/disparity in efficiency at the national and global level is relatively high, so it is necessary to take strategies such as guaranteeing the availability of fertilizer raw materials in the long term, controlling market share, revitalizing more efficient fertilizer factories, and optimizing the supply chain from upstream to downstream. Keywords: data envelopment analysis, fertilizer, state-owned enterprise, fertilizer producers

Bakteri endofit merupakan salah satu kelompok mikrob yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai agensia pengendalian hayati penyakit pada tanaman padi. Bakteri endofit yang diisolasi dari tanaman padi varietas lokal di Jambi telah diteliti mampu mengendalikan penyakit hawar daun bakteri pada tanaman padi. Selanjutnya diteliti potensi bakteri endofit tersebut dalam mengendalikan penyakit blas yang sebabkan oleh Pyricularia oryzae dan pengaruhnya pada produksi padi. Isolat bakteri endofit diuji daya hambatnya terhadap P. oryzae menggunakan metode biakan ganda. Isolat yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan mikrob tersebut secara in vitro, selanjutnya diujikan pada tanaman padi varietas Cisadane. Akar bibit padi direndam dalam suspensi bakteri endofit selama 6 jam kemudian ditanam pada media tanah dan pupuk kandang steril. Patogen diinokulasikan dengan menyemprotkan suspensi konidia mikrob pada permukaan daun padi pada 14 hari setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 10 isolat bakteri endofit mampu menghambat pertumbuhan P. oryzae sebesar 26,56-79,69%. Perlakuan bakteri endofit pada bibit padi sebelum tanam mampu menghambat keparahan penyakit blas daun 23,90-65,42% dan blas malai 58,47-96,46%, serta meningkatkan persentase gabah terisi. Kata kunci: pengendalian hayati, padi, Pyricularia oryzae

Acreage development, production, productivity, and Indonesian cocoa exports cannot be separated from the influence of various cocoa policies applied by the Indonesian government and the international cocoa institution that is ICCO. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the behavior of the economy, including productivity, demand, export, and cocoa prices, and impact of domestic policy for the behavior of Indonesian cocoa economy. The analysis method used for the economy behavior was the simultaneous equation model with 2SLS approach (Two Stage Least Square). The analysis showed domestic production is influenced by cocoa price, fertilizer price, labor costs, and technology. Cocoa demand is influenced by the amount of domestic prices of processed cocoa. Cocoa exports is affected by the production, world prices, exchange rates, exports of cocoa from the previous year, and domestic demand for cocoa whereas domestic prices are influenced by world prices, domestic supply, and domestic prices of the previous yearKeywords: cocoa, 2SLS, behavior of the economy, demand, exportABSTRAKPerkembangan luas areal, produksi, produktivitas,dan ekspor kakao Indonesia tidak lepas dari pengaruh berbagai kebijakan kakao yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dan lembaga kakao dunia, yaitu ICCO. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku ekonomi, termasuk produktivitas, permintaan, ekspor, harga kakao dan dampak kebijakan domestik untuk perilaku ekonomi kakao Indonesia. Analisis metode perilaku ekonomi yang digunakan adalah model persamaan simultan dengan pendekatan 2SLS (Two Stage Least Square). Hasil analisis menunjukkan produksi dipengaruhi oleh harga domestik kakao, harga pupuk, biaya tenaga kerja, teknologi. Permintaan kakao dipengaruhi oleh jumlah harga domestik olahan kakao. ekspor kakao dipengaruhi oleh produksi, harga dunia, nilai tukar, ekspor kakao dari tahun sebelumnya, permintaan domestik untuk kakao. harga domestik dipengaruhi oleh harga dunia, pasokan dalam negeri, harga domestik dari tahun sebelumnya.Kata kunci: kakao, 2SLS, perilaku ekonomi, permintaan, ekspor

ABSTRACTThe research objectives were to 1) analyze the implementation suitability of RKA-K/L document preparation which is implemented by Ministry of Agriculture with the concept of unified budget, Performance Base Budgeting (PBB) and Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) by using gap analysis method and 2) analyze the influence of expenditure in research, development and agriculture extension program; agriculture infrastructure; and increasing of production and agricultural productivity program, as well as agricultural subsidies to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth through multiple regression analysis. The methods used were gap analysis and multiple regression analysis. Gap analysis shows that there are still some obstacles in the application of unified budget concept, PBK and KPJM which resulted partial gap with applicable regulations. Multiple regression analysis shows that the Ministry of Agriculture budget expenditure both agriculture research, development and extension programs also agricultural production and productivity program had significant negative effect on the growth of GDP in agriculture sector. Therefore the government needs to pay attention to the government budget allocation which is closely related to the implementation of the existing programs in the Ministry of Agriculture.Keywords: government expenditure, sector of agriculture, ministry of agriculture, gap analysis, multiple regression analysisABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan 1) menganalisis kesesuaian dokumen Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Kementerian Negara/Lembaga (RKAK/L) yang disusun oleh Kementerian Pertanian dengan konsep penganggaran terpadu, Penganggaran Berbasis Kinerja (PBK) dan Kerangka Pengeluaran Jangka Menengah (KPJM) serta 2) menganalisis pengaruh alokasi anggaran untuk program penelitian dan penyuluhan pertanian; program infrastruktur pertanian; program peningkatan produksi dan produktivitas pertanian; serta subsidi benih dan pupuk terhadap pertumbuhan PDB. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis gap dan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil analisis gap menunjukkan bahwa masih ada beberapa kendala dalam penerapan konsep penganggaran terpadu, PBK dan KPJM yang mengakibatkan kesenjangan parsial dengan ketentuan yang berlaku, sedangkan hasil analisis regresi berganda menunjukkan bahwa alokasi anggaran Kementerian Pertanian untuk program penelitian pertanian, pengembangan dan penyuluhan serta program peningkatan produksi dan produktivitas pertanian berpengaruh negatif secara signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan PDB di sektor pertanian. Jadi pemerintah perlu memperhatikan alokasi anggaran pemerintah yang terkait erat dengan pelaksanaan program yang ada di Kementerian Pertanian.Kata kunci: anggaran belanja, sektor pertanian, kementerian pertanian, analisis gap, regresi berganda

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this study were (1) define problems and solutions of the palm oil production value chain, (2) identify the beneficial sustainable programs of the oil palm production, and (3) formulate sustainable programs in order to increase green quality and green productivity of the oil palm production. The sample was purposely selected by conducting interviews with estate managers, mill managers, and extension workers of PT Hindoli, chairs of the farmers group and chairs of the cooperative board. The collected data were analyzed using analytical hierarchy process. Research results indicated that PT Hindoli’s oil palm production value chain was started from seed suppliers or seed producers, fertilizer suppliers, agriculture tool and machine suppliers, company plantation (nucleus), plasma farmers, mills, exporters, distributors, to retailers. The criteria recommended strategies recommended to implement a sustainable green palm oil production were (1) the production of green ‘nucleus’ FFB, (2) the production of green ‘plasma’ FFB, and (3) the production of green CPO. Keywords: oil palm, value chain, PT Hindoli, sustainable oil palm, plasma farmersABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) mendefinisikan masalah dan solusi dari rantai nilai produksi kelapa sawit, (2) mengidentifikasi program-program yang berkelanjutan menguntungkan dari produksi minyak kelapa sawit, dan (3) merumuskan program-program yang berkelanjutan dalam rangka meningkatkan kualitas dan produktivitas produksi minyak sawit ramah lingkungan. Sampel dipilih secara sengaja yaitu dengan melakukan wawancara dengan manager estate dan manager pabrik, serta penyuluh di PT Hindoli, ketua kelompok tani, dan ketua pengurus koperasi. Data dianalisis menggunakan analytical hierarchy process. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi kelapa sawit rantai nilai dari PT Hindoli dimulai dari pemasok benih atau produsen benih, pemasok pupuk, alat pertanian dan mesin, perusahaan perkebunan (inti), petani plasma, pabrik, eksportir, distributor, ke pengecer. Kriteria strategi yang direkomendasikan untuk implementasi produksi kelapa sawit ramah lingkungan yang berkelanjutan adalah (1) produksi TBS ‘inti’ ramah lingkungan, (2) produksi TBS 'plasma' ramah lingkungan, dan (3) produksi CPO ramah lingkungan.Kata kunci: minyak sawit, rantai nilai, PT Hindoli, minyak sawit berkelanjutan, petani plasma

The partnership concept is expected to be one of the ways to improve agricultural sector in Indonesia, so that it will become a mutually beneficial partnership. One of the business entities in seed and supplier for horticultural crops is CV Rahmat Tani. However, the research has found some problems in the partnership system between CV Rahmat Tani and its farmers. Some of them are the products’ qualities which have no standard and the low price. The aims of this study were 1) to describe and evaluate the partnership that has been used by CV Rahmat Tani and partner farmers, 2) to analyze the farmers’ perception on the partnership’s implementation partnership, 3) to analyze CV Rahmat Tani’s perception on the partnership’s implementation and 4) to formulate strategies to improve the partnership’s performance. The tools of analysis used were gap analysis, EPA, and Mann Whitney Test. The result of the study showed that the pattern that tied the CV and its farmers was informal model. According to partner farmers’ perception, the priorities were 1) the delivery of seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers, 2) seeds selling price 3) cultivation and seeds management training and 4) post–harvest payment. The main priority that would be improved based on the owner’s opinion was the field supervisors’ inputs and recommendation. The recommendation strategies to improve the partnership are: 1) CV Rahmat Tani and its farmers together need to optimize planning; 2) the CV needs to provide trainings about cultivation and postharvest, and to oversee the quality of seed; 3) the CV needs to socialize the postharvest payment deadline; and 4) both parties should synchronize their perception and set some rules.Keywords: EPA, gap analysis, partnerships, seedABSTRAKKonsep kemitraan diharapkan menjadi salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan sektor pertanian di Indonesia sehingga ini akan menjadi sebuah hubungan yang menguntungkan. Salah satu badan usaha yang bergerak dibidang pembenihan dan supplier untuk tanaman hortikultura adalah CV Rahmat Tani. Namun, kerja sama tersebut dikhawatirkan akan menimbulkan sesuatu yang tidak diinginkan, misalnya kualitas barang tidak standar dan harga yang rendah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) mendeskripsikan dan mengevaluasi kemitraan yang telah terjalin antara CV Rahmat Tani dan petani mitra, 2) menganalisis persepsi petani terhadap pelaksanaan kemitraan, 3) menganalisis persepsi CV Rahmat Tani terhadap pelaksanaan kemitraan, dan 4) merumuskan strategi untuk meningkatkan kinerja kemitraan. Alat analisa yang digunakan adalah Servqual, EPA, dan Mann Whitney Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola kemitraan yang terjalin antara CV dan petani mitra adalah unit usaha bersama dengan sistem kontrak lisan. Menurut persepsi petani mitra, prioritas perbaikan kemitraan adalah 1) pengiriman benih, obat-obatan dan pupuk, 2) harga jual benih, 3) pelatihan dan manajemen budi daya benih, dan 4) pembayaran pascapanen. Prioritas utama yang akan ditingkatkan menurut pemilik adalah rekomendasi dan saran dari pengawas lapang. Kelima prioritas utama ini perlu diperbaiki guna mengoptimalkan kemitraan.Keywords: EPA, gap analysis, kemitraan, benih