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Objective: To determine whether neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and biomarkers of diet (urinary sodium and potassium excretion)., Design: A cross-sectional study., Setting: The data reported were from the 2010 Heart Follow-up Study, a population-based representative survey of 1645 adults., Participants: Community-dwelling diverse residents of New York City nested within 128 neighbourhoods (zip codes)., Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: BMI (kg/m 2 ) and WC (inches) were measured during in-home visits, and 24-hour urine sample was collected to measure biomarkers of diet: sodium (mg/day) and potassium (mg/day), with high sodium and low potassium indicative of worse diet quality., Results: After adjusting for individual-level characteristics using multilevel linear regressions, low versus high neighbourhood SES tertile was associated with 1.83 kg/m 2 higher BMI (95% CI 0.41 to 3.98) and 251 mg/day lower potassium excretion (95% CI -409 to 93) among women only, with no associations among men (P values for neighbourhood SES by sex interactions <0.05)., Conclusion: Our results suggest that women may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of a socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhood. Future neighbourhood research should explore sex differences, as these can inform tailored interventions., Trial Registration Number: NCT01889589; Results., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Objective: To examine the influence of neighbourhood socioeconomic position (NSEP) on development of diabetes over time., Design: A longitudinal cohort study., Setting: The data reported were from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, a longitudinal study of the health of 1789 older Latinos., Participants: Community-dwelling older Mexican Americans residing in the Sacramento Metropolitan Statistical Area., Main Outcome: Multistate Markov regression were used to model transitions through four possible states over time: 1=normal; 2=pre-diabetic; 3=diabetic; and 4=death without diabetes., Results: At baseline, nearly 50% were non-diabetic, 17.5% were pre-diabetic and nearly 33% were diabetic. At the end of follow-up, there were a total of 824 people with type 2 diabetes. In a fully adjusted MSM regression model, among non-diabetics, higher NSEP was not associated with a transition to pre-diabetes. Among non-diabetics, higher NSEP was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (HR=1.66, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.42) and decreased risk of death without diabetes (HR: 0.56, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.96). Among pre-diabetics, higher NSEP was significantly associated with a transition to non-diabetic status (HR: 1.22, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.50). Adjusting for BMI, age, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, medical insurance and nativity did not affect this relationship., Conclusions: Our findings show that high NSEP poses higher risk of progression from normal to diabetes compared with a lower risk of death without diabetes. This work presents a possibility that these associations are modified by nativity or culture., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/)