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Background Good interpersonal relationships can improve the negative mood and, to a certain extent, may help relieve dysmenorrhea symptoms. However, there has been no study examining the role of interpersonal relationships in dysmenorrhea and how they may interact with negative emotions. Aims To investigate the connection between negative affect and dysmenorrhea, and the role of interpersonal relationships plays in this relationship. Methods The Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS), short-form of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Interpersonal Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale and UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale were applied to 855 adolescent nursing students to collect information on severity and frequency of dysmenorrheal symptoms, negative emotions (including depression, anxiety and stress), interpersonal problems and subjective experience of loneliness among them, and the relationship among these variables was examined. Results (1) Both the severity and frequency of dysmenorrhea were positively correlated with negative emotions, loneliness experience and interpersonal problems, while negatively correlated with age at menarche. (2) The negative emotions, romantic relationship and menarche age, but not loneliness and interpersonal problems, significantly contributed to both the severity and frequency of dysmenorrhea. (3) Mediation analysis revealed that the effects of loneliness and interpersonal problems on dysmenorrhea were totally mediated by negative emotions. Conclusions This investigation indicates that the relationship between interpersonal relationships and dysmenorrhea is mediated by negative emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biography of John Collins Warren, an American surgeon in London, is presented. He was born on 1 August 1778, in Boston, Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard College in the year 1797. He then continued medical studies in London, Edinburgh, and Paris. He presented his collection of anatomical and pathological specimens to Harvard University, forming the basis of the Warren Anatomical Museum. He died on 4 May, 1856 in Boston, Massachusetts. INSET: John Collins Warren¿s medical career.

The author relates how she decided to stand by her belief in the sanctity of human life while dealing with medical training-related pressures. She recounts how she decided not to perform an abortion while she was still serving as a junior physician. She mentions not being able to earn a family planning course certificate due to her opposition to abortion and morning after pills. She also discusses implications of said beliefs for her career in obstetrics and gynaecology.

The article discusses the occurrence of sexual discrimination and harassment in the clinical workplace. It cites a survey conducted at medical schools in the U.S. which found at 47 percent of students experienced some form of sexual harassment or discrimination. It highlights the personal experience of a medical professional who was a victim of harassment at a work-related social event. It also suggests a possible corporate collusion that perpetuates misogyny in the among medical professionals.