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Paediatric high-grade gliomas, including glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma, make up 8%–12% of paediatric central nervous system tumours and have poor prognosis, with 2-year survival less than 30% and overall survival less than 10%. The only known prognostic factors in this population include extent of resection and tumour histological grade. We present the case of a 9-year-old boy with disseminated anaplastic astrocytoma treated with subtotal resection, craniospinal radiation and temozolomide, with 8-year survival despite metastatic disease at presentation and subtotal resection. Next generation cancer gene panel sequencing revealed an usual pattern of 12 amplifications and four mutations not previously described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare tumour of childhood with 15-20 cases reported yearly in North America. We present a case of a 13-year-old boy diagnosed with PCNSL who presented more than one-and-a-half years post-treatment with high dose cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate with a right-sided basal ganglia haemorrhage on MRI following a concussion while playing organised football against medical advice. There was no evidence of an underlying vascular malformation or recurrent disease by MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis or positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT). However, 6 months post-injury he presented with asymptomatic disease recurrence of the frontal lobe. Our case reports an unusual MRI pattern of post-traumatic injury in a child previously treated for PCNSL that would support a recommendation for the avoidance of contact sports in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the case of a 13-year-old boy with a very unusual periventricular atypical central neurocytoma with unique molecular features treated with subtotal surgical resection and photon intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Histological features were most consistent with atypical central neurocytoma. However, next-generation sequencing analysis revealed a novel EWSR1-ATF1 gene fusion (EWSR1-ATF1) as well as a MUTYH mutation. The EWSR1-ATF1 raised the possibility of Ewing sarcoma or angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma, however, FLI-1 immunohistochemistry was negative. MUTYH mutations have been reported in diffuse midline paediatric glioma. The role of EWSR1-ATF1 and MUTYH mutations in central nervous system tumours is not well established. We present the first case of EWSR1-ATF1 and MUTYH mutation in a rare paediatric atypical central neurocytoma. Further studies are indicated to elucidate the consequences of these gene alterations in the context of paediatric central nervous system tumours as well as to investigate the potential role for targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the case of a 13-year-old boy with a very unusual periventricular atypical central neurocytoma with unique molecular features treated with subtotal surgical resection and photon intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Histological features were most consistent with atypical central neurocytoma. However, next-generation sequencing analysis revealed a novel EWSR1-AT F1 gene fusion (EWSR1-AT F1) as well as a MUTYH mutation. The EWSR1-AT F1 raised the possibility of Ewing sarcoma or angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma, however, FLI-1 immunohistochemistry was negative. MUTYH mutations have been reported in diffuse midline paediatric glioma. The role of EWSR1-AT F1 and MUTYH mutations in central nervous system tumours is not well established. We present the first case of EWSR1-AT F1 and MUTYH mutation in a rare paediatric atypical central neurocytoma. Further studies are indicated to elucidate the consequences of these gene alterations in the context of paediatric central nervous system tumours as well as to investigate the potential role for targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 10-year-old boy with a two-week history of focal seizures in the right side of his face and was diagnosed with giant subcortical calcification in the left frontal lobe with surrounding oedema that is associated with the onset focal seizure.

Background: Brain arteriovenous malformations are vascular lesions that are increasingly being treated with endovascular embolization. A potential complication with endovascular embolization is microcatheter entrapment within the embolic material. In the present report, a novel technique for the retrieval of microcatheters retained during Onyx embolization of intracranial lesions is described. Clinical presentation: Two patients (one boy and one girl, aged 13 and 15 years, respectively) with arteriovenous malformations (one unruptured, one ruptured; Spetzlere-Martin grades 4 and 3) presented for embolization. Intervention: During Onyx 18 embolization of the arteriovenous malformations, Echelon-10 microcatheters became entrapped into the arterial feeders by casts of the Onyx. Initial attempts to remove the microcatheters by traction were unsuccessful. The hubs of the microcatheters were transected and Concentric Medical Outreach distal access catheters were then advanced over the microcatheters and positioned at the proximal aspects of the microcatheter-Onyx plugs. Using the Outreach catheters for countertraction, the Echelon-10 microcatheters were then successfully released from the Onyx plugs under fluoroscopic visualization without significant distortion of the arteries. There were no complications related to the microcatheter extractions. Conclusions: A novel technique, which may be useful in the removal of retained microcatheters during Onyx embolization of Brain arteriovenous malformations, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a four-day-old full-term girl with a maternal history of polyhydramnios during the third trimester who presented with hypotonia,poor feeding and abnormal respiration. It provides information on patient's medical background, the clinical presentation of the disease and the results of diagnostic imaging. The case suggests that diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma may present in the neonatal period and must be considered in the diagnosis of neonatal brainstem tumors.

The article presents a case study of a 6-year-old boy with a history of abnormal eye movements, worse gait and head tilt who was diagnosed with giant cerebellopontine angle schwannoma. He underwent neurological examination that shows papilloedema, sensation reduction and hearing reduction. The patient was treated with conformal intensity modulated radiation therapy for cerebellopontine angle schwannoma and remained stable for almost 3 years postdiagnosis.

The article presents the case study of a nine-year-old girl with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) who was diagnosed with lobar haemorrhagic mass.

The article presents information on a case of a delayed presentation of diencephalic syndrome, with reference to a case study of a 7-year-old girl who had a history of failure to thrive since 1 year of age. She had achieved all her developmental milestones, however suffered with mild speech delay. A large contrast-enhancing suprasellar tumour with significant hydrocephalus was revealed during brain imaging.

The article presents information on the case of a 23-month-old boy who was presented with a 10-day history of progressive early morning vomiting and sleepiness. An encephalo-pathic child with impaired upgaze was revealed during neurological examination, and a large homogeneously enhancing tumor was also found during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Further examination helped in diagnosis of choroid plexus papilloma of the fourth ventricle.

The article presents a case study of a 17-year-old girl suffering from Moyamoya disease. The patient was suffering from headaches, left-sided hemiparesis, and hyper-reflexia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a small right internal carotid and middle cerebral artery. Magnetic resonance angiogram revealed retrograde flow from the external carotid artery filling the middle and anterior cerebral arteries, leading to the diagnosis of Moyamoya disease.

The article presents case study of a 12-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) in the posterior head and neck. It is informed that a giant mass was observed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which had caused significant compression of the cervical spinal cord. It is informed that a subtotal resection was performed and during the 4 month follow-up all complications of the boy were resolved.

The article presents a case study of a 10-year-old boy with a 1-month history of headache, vomiting and weakness who was diagnosed with left hemiparesis, dysconjugate gaze with nystagmus and nerve palsy. He underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which shows a ring-enhancing pontine lesion with surrounding vasogenic oedema. The patient was taken to the operating room for biopsy of high-grade glioma and subject for radiation therapy and oral temozolomide.

The article presents a case study of a nine-year-old boy who was diagnosed with spontaneous subdural haemorrhage with bilateral middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts.