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Background This paper presents follow-up data from a qualitative study of a Big Lottery funded ‘Well London’ project; an initiative set up to improve the health and well-being of Londoners living in areas historically marked by social, economic and environmental deprivation. The project introduced a series of health interventions: healthy eating, physical activity, and mental health and well-being, across a total of 20 areas within London. An evaluation of the interventions was conducted through a series of in depth semi-structured interviews with residents in 3 of the areas. Participants were interviewed twice: initially at the start of the interventions and again twelve months later. The interviews explored which of the project components acted positively on participant’s sense of well-being and lead to changes in health behaviour. The methodology used, placed emphasis on the opinions and reflections of study participants and responds to Popay’s call for research to be centred not only on theoretical concerns, but also to be attentive to ‘lay’ theories of health. Methods Two sets of 60 semi-structured interviews, taking place a year apart were conducted across three locations identified as Census Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs). These measured changes in health behaviour and residents’ perceptions of ‘well-being’ that arose following the Well London interventions. Residents were interviewed about their experiences and perceptions of the neighbourhood; also their health and views of the Well London interventions. Residents who had not taken part in the project interventions were also selected and interviewed, for comparison. Results The study found that the project objectives succeeded where there were at least one of the following present; a) high levels of individual motivation; b) the involvement of external agencies in the form of key worker and/or agency support; c) where residents were involved in the organisation and dissemination of the projects, often as volunteers; and d) where the environment was made accessible, safe and conducive to a sense of belonging and ‘community ownership’. Conclusion The findings indicate that the Well London project increased perceptions of well-being in populations defined by inner city social disadvantage. However, the pathways to change are complex and not easily generalized. Success is dependent on multiple interacting interpersonal, social and contextual factors, as well as the actual type of interventions themselves.

Background This paper examines how individual and area-level contextual factors shape participation in a community-based development and health promotion intervention. Well London was a 3-year community development and health promotion programme for improving health behaviours (physical activity and healthy eating) and mental health and wellbeing in areas of high deprivation. The programme aimed to improve individual level health outcomes through a combination of neighbourhood and individual level interventions. Community engagement/participation was a central strategy of these interventions. Methods A quantitative cluster randomised trial (CRT) was used to evaluate Well London in 20 neighbourhoods defined as Census Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs). A qualitative study was nested within the trial to examine mechanisms and complexity. This study employed critical case sampling to select three intervention LSOAs that reflected a range of pre-existing community engagement and activities. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 59 respondents purposively sampled from each of 3 distinct areas. Each area reflected differences in implementation, nature of community life, and pre-existing community activities. Interviews addressed three topics: experiences of area, individual health & well-being, and knowledge of and involvement in Well London . Transcripts were coded and thematic analysis undertaken using NVIVO software. Results Analysis found that area level and individual-level characteristics interacted to shape specific models of individual participation in each area. In an area with a ‘dispersed’ community, limited pre-existing activities and implementation through formal institutions, participation was attributed by respondents to self-motivation and responses to deprivation. In contrast, in the 2nd area, Well London implementation centred on an individual community organizer operating in a geographically close-knit area. Strong community interest and participation was shaped by the ability of this individual to inspire a sense of change. Finally, in an area with a ‘saturation’ of pre-existing activities, participation in Well London was part of a socially accepted pattern of community involvement. For new people to the area, involvement was viewed as aiding integration while for long-standing residents this was seen as a strategy to contribute to community life. Conclusion Recent reviews on community participation present evidence of a causal link between participation and positive health outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying this are not clear. The reasons people participate in Well London are shaped by interactions between individual and area-level factors. This suggests that understanding the link between community participation and health outcomes requires a contextualized analysis of why people participate and the meanings they associate with this.