1. Gastrointestinal microbial community changes in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to crude oil
- Author
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Andrea Bagi, Even Sannes Riiser, Daniela M. Pampanin, Bastiaan Star, Hilde Steine Molland, Thomas H A Haverkamp, and Magne O. Sydnes
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,forurensing ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Basale biofag: 470::Generell mikrobiologi: 472 [VDP] ,mikrobiologi ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Microbiology ,Biotransformation ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Gadus ,atlanterhavstorsk ,Food science ,Fish gut microbiome ,Phylogeny ,Deferribacterales ,biology ,Microbiota ,polysykliske aromatiske hydrokarboner ,Fishes ,Biodiversity ,Intestinal microbiome ,Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ,Petroleum ,Gadus morhua ,Indans ,Composition (visual arts) ,Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis ,Environmental Monitoring ,Research Article ,Microbiology (medical) ,DNA, Bacterial ,Microbiology ,oljesøl ,Oil exposure ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animals ,Relative species abundance ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Bacteria ,PAH ,biology.organism_classification ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,030104 developmental biology ,Microbial population biology ,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ,Atlantic cod ,oil exposure ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Background The expansion of offshore oil exploration increases the risk of marine species being exposed to oil pollution in currently pristine areas. The adverse effects of oil exposure through toxic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been well studied in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Nevertheless, the fate of conjugated metabolites in the intestinal tract and their effect on the diversity of intestinal microbial community in fish is less understood. Here, we investigated the intestinal microbial community composition of Atlantic cod after 28 days of exposure to crude oil (concentration range 0.0–0.1 mg/L). Results Analysis of PAH metabolites in bile samples confirmed that uptake and biotransformation of oil compounds occurred as a result of the exposure. Various evidence for altered microbial communities was found in fish exposed to high (0.1 mg/L) and medium (0.05 mg/L) concentrations of oil when compared to fish exposed to low oil concentration (0.01 mg/L) or no oil (control). First, altered banding patterns were observed on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for samples pooled from each treatment group. Secondly, based on 16S rRNA sequences, higher levels of oil exposure were associated with a loss of overall diversity of the gut microbial communities. Furthermore, 8 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found to have significantly different relative abundances in samples from fishes exposed to high and medium oil concentrations when compared to samples from the control group and low oil concentration. Among these, only one OTU, a Deferribacterales, had increased relative abundance in samples from fish exposed to high oil concentration. Conclusions The results presented herein contribute to a better understanding of the effects of oil contamination on the gut microbial community changes in fish and highlight the importance of further studies into the area. Our findings suggest that increased relative abundance of bacteria belonging to the order Deferribacterales may be indicative of exposure to oil at concentrations higher than 0.05 mg/L. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1171-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2018