1. Ecosystem transpiration and evaporation: insights from three water flux partitioning methods across FLUXNET sites
- Author
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T. Andrew Black, Kathrin Fuchs, Beniamino Gioli, Rafael Poyatos, Ankur R. Desai, Ulrich Weber, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Sebastian Wolf, Damien Bonal, Jean-Marc Limousin, Simon Besnard, Eugénie Paul-Limoges, Mana Gharun, Jacob A. Nelson, Sha Zhou, Markus Reichstein, Daniel Berveiller, Teresa E. Gimeno, Vincenzo Magliulo, Nicolas Delpierre, Nuno Carvalhais, Ivan Mammarella, Peter D. Blanken, Martin Jung, Oscar Perez-Priego, Leonardo Montagnani, Yao Zhang, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Alexander Knohl, Damiano Gianelle, Andrej Varlagin, Russell L. Scott, Mirco Migliavacca, Lukas Siebicke, Lukas Hörtnagl, Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-11-LABX-0002,ARBRE,Recherches Avancées sur l'Arbre et les Ecosytèmes Forestiers(2011), ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), FWF, Austrian National Science Fund, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Swiss National Science Foundation, ChinaFlux, INAR Physics, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Macquarie University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), University of Colorado [Colorado Springs] (UCCS), University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institute for BioEconomy [Sesto Fiorentino] (IBE | CNR), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia [RUDN University] (RUDN), Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, University of British Columbia (UBC), Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (ISAFOM), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), University of Zurich, and Nelson, Jacob A
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,Rain ,FLUXNET ,Eddy covariance ,evapotranspiration ,2306 Global and Planetary Change ,Atmospheric sciences ,Poaceae ,01 natural sciences ,114 Physical sciences ,ecohydrology ,transpiration ,evaporation ,2300 General Environmental Science ,Soil ,FluxNet ,Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing ,Evapotranspiration ,Ecohydrology ,Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA ,ddc:550 ,eddy covariance ,Environmental Chemistry ,Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing ,910 Geography & travel ,Leaf area index ,Ecosystem ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Transpiration ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Water ,Plant Transpiration ,15. Life on land ,Earth sciences ,10122 Institute of Geography ,13. Climate action ,2304 Environmental Chemistry ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Environmental science ,Spatial variability ,2303 Ecology ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
We apply and compare three widely applicable methods for estimating ecosystem transpiration (T) from eddy covariance (EC) data across 251 FLUXNET sites globally. All three methods are based on the coupled water and carbon relationship, but they differ in assumptions and parameterizations. Intercomparison of the three daily T estimates shows high correlation among methods (R between .89 and .94), but a spread in magnitudes of T/ET (evapotranspiration) from 45% to 77%. When compared at six sites with concurrent EC and sap flow measurements, all three EC‐based T estimates show higher correlation to sap flow‐based T than EC‐based ET. The partitioning methods show expected tendencies of T/ET increasing with dryness (vapor pressure deficit and days since rain) and with leaf area index (LAI). Analysis of 140 sites with high‐quality estimates for at least two continuous years shows that T/ET variability was 1.6 times higher across sites than across years. Spatial variability of T/ET was primarily driven by vegetation and soil characteristics (e.g., crop or grass designation, minimum annual LAI, soil coarse fragment volume) rather than climatic variables such as mean/standard deviation of temperature or precipitation. Overall, T and T/ET patterns are plausible and qualitatively consistent among the different water flux partitioning methods implying a significant advance made for estimating and understanding T globally, while the magnitudes remain uncertain. Our results represent the first extensive EC data‐based estimates of ecosystem T permitting a data‐driven perspective on the role of plants’ water use for global water and carbon cycling in a changing climate. We acknowledge insightful discussions with Dario Papale and apologize for having a cappuccino after lunch. We further acknowledge Ulrich Weber for preparing the cappuccino. M.G. acknowledges funding by Swiss National Science Foundation project ICOS‐CH Phase 2 20FI20_173691. L.Š. was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the CzeCOS program, grant number LM2015061, and by SustES‐Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). G.W. acknowledges support by the Austrian National Science Fund (FWF, project I03859) and the Province of South Tyrol (“Cycling of carbon and water in mountain ecosystems under changing climate and land use”). R.P. was supported by grants CGL2014‐55883‐JIN, RTI2018‐095297‐J‐I00 (Spain), and by a Humboldt Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers (Germany). This work used eddy covariance data acquired and shared by the FLUXNET community, including these networks: Ameri‐Flux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet‐Canada, GreenGrass, ICOS, KoFlux, LBA, NECC, OzFlux‐TERN, TCOS‐Siberia, and USCCC. The ERA‐Interim reanalysis data are provided by ECMWF and processed by LSCE. The FLUXNET eddy covariance data processing and harmonization was carried out by the European Fluxes Database Cluster, AmeriFlux Management Project, and Fluxdata project of FLUXNET, with the support of CDIAC and ICOS Ecosystem Thematic Center, and the OzFlux, ChinaFlux, and AsiaFlux offices. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
- Published
- 2020