Search

In mammals, the RXFP3 is the cognate receptor of the relaxin-3 peptide (RLN3). In teleosts, many different orthologue genes for RXFP3 are present. In particular, two paralogue genes, rxfp3-2a and rxfp3-2b, likely encode the receptors for the Rln3a peptide. The transcription of these two rxfp3 genes is differentially regulated early during zebrafish embryogenesis. Indeed, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses show that the rxfp3-2b transcript is always present during embryo development, while the rxfp3-2a transcript is detectable only at larval stage. By in situ hybridization experiments on embryos and larvae, the rxfp3-2b transcript was revealed in the brain and in the retinal ganglion cell layer and thymus. Particularly in the brain, many territories are involved in the rxfp3-2b expression, among them the optic tectum, thalamus, preoptic area, different nerve nuclei, habenula and pineal gland. The RXFP3 spatiotemporal expression pattern appears to be conserved between Danio rerio and mammals, as also previously showed for the corresponding ligand, the RLN3. Interestingly, the brain areas expressing the rxfp3-2b receptor gene are involved in the visual system, emotional behaviors and circadian rhythm and could be functionally related to the neurotransmitter Rln3a-expressing territories., (© 2013 The Authors Development, Growth & Differentiation © 2013 Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists.)

We report the identification, the cDNA cloning, the temporal and spatial expression pattern analysis of the rln gene in the zebrafish Danio rerio. The deduced Rln B and A domains show different evolutionary conservation. Rln B domain shows higher similarity when compared to zebrafish and human RLN3 B domain than human RLN1 and RLN2 B domain. Differently, the zebrafish Rln A domain shows relatively low amino acid sequence similarity when compared with the same sequences. The rln gene is transcribed both during embryogenesis and in adult organism, where higher transcript level has been particularly evidenced in the brain. Moreover, we provide the first description of rln spatial expression pattern during embryonic development. In particular, we show restricted transcript localization starting at the pharyngula stage in olfactory placode, branchial arch region, and in a cell cluster near to otic vesicle. In larval stage, new transcription territories have been detected in both neural and non-neural regions. In particular, in the brain, rln expression has been revealed in telencephalic region around anterior commissure, in the preoptic area, and in restricted rombencephalic cell clusters. Expression of rln gene in extra-neural territories has been detected in the pancreatic and thyroid gland regions. Danio rerio rln expression pattern analysis reveals shared features with the mammalian RLN gene, particularly in the brain, where it might have a role in the neurophysiological processes. In addition, expression in the thyroid and pancreas region suggests a function as a paracrine and endocrine hormone., (© 2012 The Authors Development, Growth & Differentiation © 2012 Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists.)

We report the gene characterization, the cDNA cloning and the temporal and spatial expression pattern of the relaxin receptor rxfp1 gene in the zebrafish Danio rerio. The zebrafish rxfp1 gene has the same syntenic genomic organization, and a similar exon-intron structure to the homologue human gene. Furthermore, the deduced Rxfp1 protein sequence shows a high degree of amino acid similarity when compared with the human protein and the conservation of all amino acid identity necessary for the binding with relaxin. Our results show that rxfp1 gene is active either during embryogenesis or in the adult organism, showing a wide expression pattern. Moreover, we provide the first description of rxfp1 spatial expression pattern during embryo development, showing that the transcript is already present at the early developmental stage and is distributed in all of the embryonic cells until somitogenesis. Starting at the pharyngula stage the gene expression becomes mainly restricted in the brain territories. In fact, at the larval stage, the transcript is detectable in the epiphysis, postoptic region, posterior tuberculum, hypothalamus, optic tectum, tegmentum/pons, medulla and also in the structure of a peripheral nervous system, the terminal nerve. The rxfp1 expression pattern in Danio rerio embryos is very similar to that reported in the adult mammalian brain, suggesting a pivotal role of this receptor in the neurophysiology processes already at very early developmental stages., (© 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists.)

Relaxin-3 (Rln3) is thought to function as a neurotransmitter mainly produced in the mammalian nucleus incertus and is involved in different neural processes; among them, the stress response and food intake. Here, we report the expression pattern of the duplicated zebrafish rln3b gene and compare it to the previously analyszd spatial expression pattern of the rln3a gene. Both genes, during the embryogenesis and in the adult fish, are active and show relevant differences in their expression patterns. rln3b is diffusely expressed in the brain until the pharyngula period, when, at 48 h postfertilization (hpf), the expression becomes restricted to the periaqueductal gray, where it persists also at later developmental stages. No expression was observed in the nucleus incertus cells that express the rln3a gene from 72 hpf. In the adult, both genes are expressed in brain, but only rln3b transcript is revealed in testis at the similar expression level, whereas in the other analyzed tissues the transcript levels are lower or absent. Both the putative mature protein sequences are highly conserved, this feature and their differential expression patterns might indicate a sub-functionalization during evolution with the consequent retention of the two paralogues genes.