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Adiponectin (APN) is an adipokine that protects against diabetes and atherosclerosis. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) mediates reverse cholesterol transport, which also protects against atherosclerosis. In this process, the human homolog of the B class type I scavenger receptor (SR-BI/CLA-1) facilitates the cellular uptake of cholesterol from HDL. The level of circulating APN is positively correlated with the serum level of HDLcholesterol. In this study, we investigated whether HDL stimulates the gene expression of APN through the Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) cascade. APN expression was examined using real-time PCR and western blot analysis in 3T3-L1 cells incubated with HDL. CaMKIV activity was assessed by the detection of activation loop phosphorylation (at Thr196 residue), and the effect of the constitutively active form, CaMKIVc, on APN promoter activity was investigated. Our results showed that HDL stimulated APN gene expression via hSR-BI/CLA-1. Furthermore, we explored the signaling pathways by which HDL stimulated APN expression in 3T3-L1 cells. The stimulation of APN gene expression by HDL appears to be mediate d by CaMKK, as STO-609, a specific inhibitor of CaMKK2, prevents this effect. We revealed that CaMKIVc increased APN gene transcriptional activity, and the CaMKIV-dominant negative mutant blocked the effect of HDL on APN promoter activity. Finally, kno ckdown of hSR-BI/CLA-1 also canceled the effect of HDL on APN gene expression. These re sults suggest that HDL has an important role to improve the function of adipocytes by activating hSR-BI/CLA-1, and CaMKK/CaMKIV pathway is conceivable as one of the signaling pathways of this activation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]