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This study demonstrates the preparation, structure, and properties of polymer-impregnated wood (PIW) based on novel Muchelia macclurei wood through the in-situ polymerization of vinyl and functional monomers. Mixed monomers of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) (2:1 molar ratio) were effectively vacuum/pressure impregnated into the cellular structure of the fast-growing wood, and then they underwent a catalytic-thermal polymerization process to form a polymer-impregnated wood composite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations showed that the polymer formed from the monomers occupying the cell lumens and formed tight bonds with the wood substrate. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy analysis indicated that the in-situ generated polymer probably chemical bonded to the wood cell wall. The resultant PIW exhibited remarkably improved mechanical properties and durability relative to untreated wood. This was attributed to the possible grafting of the polymer onto the wood cell wall and the resultant reinforcement of the wood by the polymer.