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Different treatment strategies are suggested for special situations. Hypertension is common in the elderly and frequently accompanied by or complicates other clinical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.

Treatment strategies are provided in accordance with the level of global cardiovascular risk, from lifestyle modification in the lower risk group to more comprehensive treatment in the higher risk group. Considering the common trend of combination drug regimen, the choice of the first drug is suggested more liberally according to the physician's discretion.

The standardized techniques of blood pressure measurement in the clinic are emphasized and the indications for ambulatory and/or home blood pressure monitoring are specified more broadly. The epidemiologic findings specific to Korean population related to blood pressure are reviewed. Cardiovascular risk of hypertensive patients are stratified based upon the data of a Korean population cohort study.

Background: Triflusal is a drug that inhibits platelet aggregation. In this study we investigated the dose-exposure-response relationship of a triflusal formulation by population pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling of its main active metabolite, hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid (HTB)., Methods: This study was a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, two-period, two-treatment, comparative crossover design. All volunteers received a single oral loading dose of 900 mg of triflusal on Day 1, followed by a dose of 600 mg/day from Day 2 to 9. Using data from 34 healthy volunteers, 476 HTB plasma concentration data points and 340 platelet aggregation data points were used to construct PK and PD models respectively using NONMEM (version 6.2). As the PD endpoint was qualitative, we implemented binary analysis of 'inhibition' and 'non-inhibition' rather than using the actual value of the test. The final PK-PD model was evaluated using a visual predictive check (VPC) and bootstrap., Results: The time-concentration profile of HTB over the entire dosing period was described by a one-compartment model with a first-order formation rate constant for HTB. Weight was selected as a covariate for clearance and volume of triflusal, respectively. The structure and the population estimates for triflusal PK were as follows: oral clearance (CL/F) = 0.2 · (weight/71.65)(0.845) L/h, oral volume of distribution (V/F) = 8.3 · (weight/71.65) L, and k f  = 0.341 h(-1). A sigmoid relationship between triflusal concentration and the probability of significant inhibition with shape factor was chosen as the final PD model. No time delay between concentration and response was identified. The final structure between predicted concentration (C(y)(pred,ij) and the probability of inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) relationship was as follows: Probability of IPA = C(19)(pred,ij)/((84.9)(19) µg/mL + C(19)(pred,ij)). Thus, we concluded this relationship is more like quantal concentration-response relationship. The current dosing regimen was considered to be efficacious based on the EC 50 estimate of 84.9 μg/mL obtained in this study., Conclusions: A PK and binary probability PD model of triflusal was successfully developed for Korean healthy volunteers. The model may be used to further prediction inhibition of platelet aggregation by triflusal., Trial Registration: Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), KCT0001299 (Registered December 5, 2014).