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Background: Surgery-related loss of muscle quantity negatively affects postoperative outcomes. However, changes of muscle quality have not been fully investigated. A perioperative intervention targeting identified risk factors could improve postoperative outcome. This study investigated risk factors for surgery-related loss of muscle quantity and quality and outcomes after liver resection for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM)., Methods: Data of patients diagnosed with CRLM who underwent liver resection between 2006 and 2016 were analysed. Muscle quantity (psoas muscle index [PMI]), and muscle quality, (average muscle radiation attenuation [AMA] of the psoas), were measured using computed tomography. Changes in PMI and AMA of psoas after surgery were assessed., Results: A total of 128 patients were analysed; 67 (52%) had surgery-related loss of muscle quantity and 83 (65%) muscle quality loss. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (P = 0.045) and diabetes (P = 0.003) were risk factors for surgery-related loss of muscle quantity. A higher age (P = 0.002), open resection (P = 0.003) and longer operation time (P = 0.033) were associated with muscle quality loss. Overall survival was lower in patients with both muscle quantity and quality loss compared to other categories (P = 0.049). The rate of postoperative complications was significantly higher in the group with surgery-related loss of muscle quality., Conclusions: Risk factors for surgery-related muscle loss were identified. Overall survival was lowest in patients with both muscle quantity and quality loss. Complication rate was higher in patients with surgery-related loss of muscle quality.