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Nowadays, the whole world is moving very quickly into the field of seawater desalination. This is because the world suffers from a lack of potable water. Water and energy are adjoining linked fields. The present work aims at investigating the performance of a reverse osmosis (RO) plant integrated with Pelton Wheel under various operating conditions. The main reason for using Pelton turbine instead of the pressure exchanger (PX) is the low cost of Pelton compared to that of PX. The RO system integrated with the Pelton Wheel was tested under various operating pressures of 650, 700, 750, 800, and 850 kPa. Changing the feed water pressure affects the pressure of the reject entering the Pelton wheel and this, in turn, affects the velocity of the water jet. Also, the impact of varying the feed water salinity (total dissolved solids (TDS) = 400, 500, 600, 700, and 850 ppm) and temperature (20–39 °C) on the permeate and reject of RO was tested. In addition, a theoretical modeling was built to predict the performance of the RO system. The permeate flow rate was increased by raising the RO operating pressures. The permeate flow rate was augmented from 2.5 to 4.3 L min−1 when increasing the operating pressure from 650 to 850 kPa, respectively. Therefore, the permeate flow rate is enhanced by around 72% when increasing the operating pressure by only 30%. Besides, increasing the pressure by 30% (from 650 to 860 kPa) decreased the generated power of the Pelton Wheel by approximately 72% (from 960 to 270 W, respectively). Also, increasing the feed water salinity leads to raise the salinity of RO permeate, and vice versa. The RO permeate salinity is raised from 165 to 285 ppm when increasing the operating pressure from 650 to 850 kPa, respectively. As well, the more the increase in feed water temperature, the more improve in the permeate flux and salinity. The permeate TDS was decreased from 140 ppm at feed-water temperature 20 °C to 56 ppm at feed water temperature 39 °C. In this study, the Arduino program circuit was used to supply the required emergency loads by controlling the pressure values of high-pressure pump due to easy and open code program. Finally, the theoretical modelling results are in good correspondence with the experimental results. The average deviation among the theoretical and experimental results was 3.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]