1. Assessment of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in equine populations in Egypt by molecular, serological and hematological approaches
- Author
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Somia A. Nassar, Nadia T. Abu El-Ezz, Sobhy Abdel-Shafy, Carlos E. Suarez, Mona S. Mahmoud, Wagdy K. B. Khalil, Donald P. Knowles, Amira H. El Namaky, Marta G. Silva, and Lowell S. Kappmeyer
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Veterinary medicine ,Babesia caballi ,030231 tropical medicine ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Population ,Babesia ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Serology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Theileria ,Babesiosis ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Horses ,education ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,ved/biology ,Equine ,Research ,DNA ,030108 mycology & parasitology ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,IFAT ,Competitive ELISA ,Theileriasis ,Infectious Diseases ,Parasitology ,Hemogram ,Egypt ,Horse Diseases ,Nested polymerase chain reaction ,Nested PCR - Abstract
Background Equine piroplasmosis (EP) caused by Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, or both, contributes to significant economic loss in the equine industry and remains uncontrolled in Egypt. This study focuses on surveying T. equi and B. caballi infections and hematological disorders in equine populations in Egypt. Methods Theileria equi and B. caballi infections were assessed in blood from 88 horses and 51 donkeys in Egypt using light microscopy, indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT), nested PCR (nPCR), and competitive-ELISA (cELISA) assays. PCR products were examined for specificity by DNA sequencing. Hematological alterations were evaluated using a standard cell counter. Results Microscopic analysis revealed EP infection in 11.4 % and 17.8 % of horses and donkeys respectively. IFAT detected 23.9 % and 17.0 % infection of T. equi and B. caballi, respectively, in horses, and 31.4 % of T. equi and B. caballi in donkeys. T. equi cELISA detected 14.8 % and 23.5 % positive horses and donkeys, respectively, but the B. caballi RAP-1-based cELISA failed to detect any positives, a result hypothesized to be caused by sequence polymorphism found in the rap-1 genes. Nested-PCR analysis identified 36.4 % and 43.1 % positive horses and donkeys, respectively for T. equi and it also identified 19.3 % and 15.7 % positive horses and donkeys, respectively for B. caballi. The overall EP incidence found in the population under study was relatively high and comparable regardless of the diagnostic method used (56.8 % using nPCR and 48.9 % using IFAT). Hematologic analysis revealed macrocytic hypochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia in all piroplasma-infected horses. Conclusions The data confirm relatively high levels of EP, likely causing hematological abnormalities in equines in Egypt, and also suggest the need for an improved serological test to diagnose B. caballi infection in this region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1539-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2016