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Background: Although HIV prevalence in Cambodia has declined to 0.6% among the general population, the prevalence remains high among female sex workers (14.0%) and men who have sex with men (2.3%). Over the past 10 years, the number of people who use drugs (PWUDs) has increased considerably. PWUDs, especially people who inject drugs (PWIDs), who have multiple sex partners or unprotected sex contribute to a higher HIV prevalence. This paper aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV across PWUD groups and to identify factors associated with HIV infection., Methods: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to recruit 1626 consenting PWUDs in 9 provinces in 2012. Questionnaires and blood specimens were collected. HIV prevalence estimates were calculated using RDSAT 7.1. Individual weightings for HIV were generated with RDSAT and used for a weighted analysis in STATA 13. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the independent factors associated with HIV prevalence., Results: Most of the PWUDs were men (82.0%), and 7.3% were PWIDs. Non-PWIDs, especially users of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), represented the larger proportion of the participants (81.5%). The median age for of the PWUDs was 24.0 years (IQR: 20-29). The HIV prevalence among the PWUDs was 5.1% (95% CI: 4.1-6.2), 24.8%, among PWIDs and 4.0% among non-PWIDs. The HIV prevalence among female PWIDs was 37.5, and 22.5% among male PWIDs. Four factors were independently associated with HIV infection: female sex, with AOR = 7.8 (95% CI: 3.00-20.35); age groups 21-29 and older (AOR = 10.3, 95% CI: 1.2-20.4); and using drugs for ≥12 months (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.38-11.35). Finally, injecting drugs remained a strong predictor of HIV infection, with an AOR = 4.1 (95% CI: 1.53-10.96)., Conclusion: HIV prevalence remains high among PWIDs. Harm reduction efforts, such as needle and syringe provision programs, must improve their coverage. Innovative strategies are needed to reach sub-groups of PWUDs, especially women who inject drugs. Furthermore, the large proportion of non-PWIDs, especially ATS users, should not be ignored. Therefore, combined HIV prevention and harm reduction programs should integrate ATS users.

Background: Linkages between HIV and reproductive health (RH) among female entertainment workers (EWs) have not been addressed well in most developing countries. In Cambodia, there has been considerable research on HIV epidemiology among EWs. However, there have been limited studies on RH and specifically factors related to abortion. We examine socio-behavioral characteristics, and RH practices as determinants of abortion among Cambodian EWs., Methods: A survey was conducted in Siem Reap and Battambang and Phnom Penh provinces/city among EWs in September 2012. Trained female interviewers administered the survey to 595 EWs. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to select EWs. Bivariate associations were examined using chi-squares; univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess factors independently associated with reporting having at least one abortion while working as an EW., Results: Three-quarters (75 %) of EWs were sexually active, of which nearly one third reported at least one abortion while working as an EW. About 40 % of EWs reported recent an abortion in the past six months. Contraceptive use in the past year was low. Factors found to be independently associated with reporting a recent abortion included: ages 25-29 (OR = 2.2, 95 % CI: 1.2-4.0), living with spouse/cohabitated partner (OR = 2.2, 95 % CI: 1.1-4.2), longer duration of entertainment work (OR = 4.8, 95 % CI: 2.5-9.2), higher number of partners (OR = 4.4, 95 % CI: 2.2-8.7) and being a karaoke worker (OR = 2.2, 95 % CI: 1.1-4.4)., Conclusion: This study highlights a high proportion of EWs reporting abortion. While HIV vulnerability of EWs has been clearly established, broader RH needs have gone largely unrecognized and not prioritized. Though HIV/RH integrated initiatives have been introduced by the HIV program, challenges for EWs with multiple risks from professional and partners are profound. Therefore, there is an urgent need for practical programmatic approaches to help address their RH needs.

Background: Cambodia's 100% Condom-Use Programme (CUP), implemented nationally in 2001, requires brothel-based female sex workers (FSWs) to use condoms with all clients. In 2005, we conducted a sexually transmitted infection (STI) survey among FSWs. This paper presents the STI prevalence and related risk factors, and discusses prevalence trends in the context of the 100% CUP in Cambodia., Methods: From March-May, 1079 FSWs from eight provinces consented to participate, provided specimens for syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhoea testing, and were interviewed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with STIs. STI prevalence was compared with data from the 1996 and 2001 STI surveys., Results: Most FSWs were young (55% aged 15-24) and new to sex work (60% had worked 12