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Background The Erythrocyte Binding Antigen (EBA) 175 has been considered as one of the most important Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) merozoite ligands that mediate invasion of the erythrocytes through their sialated receptor: Glycophorin A (GPA). The effect of the EBA 175 dimorphic alleles (F and C) on the severity of the disease is not yet fully understood. Therefore this study was designed to assess the distribution of the divergent dimorphic alleles of P. falciparum EBA-175 (F and C) in three different geographical areas in Sudan and the possible association of this dimorphism with the severity of the disease. Methods A sum of 339 field isolates of P. falciparum obtained from patients in three different geographical areas in Sudan were screened for the dimorphic alleles (F, C) of the EBA-175 using nested PCR. Results The percentage of F, C, and mixed F/C alleles were; 41%, 51%, and 8% respectively. F and C alleles showed significantly different distributions in the various geographic areas (p = 0.00). There was no significant association between malaria clinical manifestation and P. falciparum EBA-175 F and C alleles frequencies Conclusions This study showed a significant differential distribution of F and C alleles in different geographical malaria endemic areas. No significant association was observed between F and C alleles and different malaria phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tizanidine, an α-2 adrenoceptor agonist, is widely prescribed for the management of spasticity in adults. Case reports on pediatric tizanidine overdose are limited. Here, we report a case of pediatric tizanidine toxicity that was reversed with naloxone., Case Presentation: A 3-year-old male presented to the emergency department with lethargy, bradycardia, and bradypnea after accidental ingestion of multiple tizanidine tablets. Improvements in the level of consciousness and respiratory and heart rates were observed after two intravenous administrations of naloxone at a dose of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively., Conclusions: This case report provides further evidence regarding the use of naloxone as a viable antidote for centrally acting α-2 receptor agonists and presents additional epidemiologic data on childhood tizanidine poisoning., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: There is little knowledge regarding the prevalence and nature of renal impairment in African populations initiating antiretroviral treatment, nor evidence to inform the most cost effective methods of screening for renal impairment. With the increasing availability of the potentially nephrotixic drug, tenofovir, such information is important for the planning of antiretroviral programmes, Methods: (i) Retrospective review of the prevalence and risk factors for impaired renal function in 2189 individuals initiating antiretroviral treatment in a rural African setting between 2004 and 2007 (ii) A prospective study of 149 consecutive patients initiating antiretrovirals to assess the utility of urine analysis for the detection of impaired renal function. Severe renal and moderately impaired renal function were defined as an estimated GFR of < or = 30 mls/min/1.73 m(2) and 30-60 mls/min/1.73 m(2) respectively. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratio (OR) of significantly impaired renal function (combining severe and moderate impairment). Co-variates for analysis were age, sex and CD4 count at initiation., Results: (i) There was a low prevalence of severe renal impairment (29/2189, 1.3% 95% C.I. 0.8-1.8) whereas moderate renal impairment was more frequent (287/2189, 13.1% 95% C.I. 11.6-14.5) with many patients having advanced immunosuppression at treatment initiation (median CD4 120 cells/microl). In multivariable logistic regression age over 40 (aOR 4.65, 95% C.I. 3.54-6.1), male gender (aOR 1.89, 95% C.I. 1.39-2.56) and CD4<100 cells/ul (aOR 1.4, 95% C.I. 1.07-1.82) were associated with risk of significant renal impairment (ii) In 149 consecutive patients, urine analysis had poor sensitivity and specificity for detecting impaired renal function., Conclusion: In this rural African setting, significant renal impairment is uncommon in patients initiating antiretrovirals. Urine analysis alone may be inadequate for identification of those with impaired renal function where resources for biochemistry are limited.