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Proizvodnja uljane repice u Srbiji prati trend porasta površina pod uljaricama u svetu. Kao najvažniji preduslov za uspešnu proizvodnju i postizanje visokih prinosa neophodno je obezbediti seme visokog kvaliteta i osigurati optimalan sklop biljaka. Kvalitetan tretman semena se pokazao kao najbolje rešenje za zaštitu biljaka u početnim fazama razvoja. Ispitivanja su izvedena na tri sorte ozime uljane repice: Ana, Zorica i Jasna. Seme je tretirano fungicidima sa aktivnim materijama karboksin + tiram i fluopikolid + fluoksastrobin, kao i insekticidom sa a.m. flupiradifuron, a kontrola je bilo netretirano seme. Uticaj tretmana ispitan je primenom standardnog laboratorijskog metoda i nakon 7 dana utvrđeni su klijavost semena i dužina ponika. Klijavost semena u kontroli se kretala od 92% do 93%. U proseku, najveću klijavost imalo je seme tretirano sa fungicidom fluopikolid + fluoksastrobin (94 – 98%). Značajno nižu klijavost imalo je seme sorte Jasna (84%) i Ana (88%) tretirano kombinacijom fungicida karboksin + tiram i insekticida. Dužina ponika je bila statistički značajno najveća kod semena sorte Jasna (18,27 cm) tretiranog fungicidom fluopikolid + fluoksastrobin, koja je i u proseku za sve tretmane imala najveću vrednost ispitivanog parametra. Najniže vrednosti su dobijene kod ponika sorte Zorica (13,39 cm) pri tretmanu fungicidom karboksin + tiram. Za uspešnu proizvodnju treba odabirati tretmane koji imaju pozitivan efekat na kvalitet semena., The production of oilseed rape in Serbia follows the trend of increasing areas under oil crops in the world. As the most important precondition for successful production and achieving high yields, it is necessary to provide high-quality seeds and ensure an optimal plant number per hectare. Quality seed treatment has proven to be the best solution for plant protection in the initial stages of development. Test was performed on three varieties of winter rapeseed: Ana, Zorica and Jasna. The seeds were treated with fungicides with a.i. carboxin + thiram and fluopicolide + fluoxastrobin, as well as an insecticide with a.i. flupyradifurone, and control was untreated seeds. The effect of the treatment was tested using a standard laboratory method, and after 7 days, seed germination and seedling length were determined. Seed germination in the control ranged from 92% to 93%. On average, seeds treated with the fungicide fluopicolide + fluoxastrobin had the highest germination (94-98%). The seeds of Jasna (84%) and Ana (88%) varieties treated with the combination of fungicide carboxin + thiram and insecticide had a significantly lower germination rate. The seedlings length was statistically significantly highest in the seeds of Jasna variety (18.27 cm) treated with fungicide fluopicolide + fluoxastrobin, which had the highest value of the tested parameter on average for all treatments. The lowest values were obtained in seedlings of Zorica variety (13.39 cm) treated with the fungicide carboxin + thiram. For successful production, treatments that have a positive effect on seed quality should be selected.

Klimatske promene značajno utiču na gajene kulture, smanjujući stabilnost prinosa i kvalitet semena. Adaptabilnost suncokreta na promenu klime ima ključnu ulogu u perspektivi gajenja ove kulture u Evropi. Prilagođavenjem besplatne agrotehničke mere kao što je datum setve suncokreta, poljoprivrednici mogu povećati prinose. Cilj istraživanja je da analizira i proceni kako različiti genotipovi reaguju na različite datume setve u uslovima promenjene klime, te da identifikuje najpovoljnije uslove za maksimalne prinose semena, ulja, kvalitet proizvedenog semena i morfološke osobine. Istraživanje je sprovedeno od 2020. do 2022. godine na oglednim poljima Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad. Ogled se sastojao od tri izolacije u četiri ponavljanja sa šest genotipova, kao simulacija semenske proizvodnje osnovne kategorije semena i setrifikovane kategorije semena I generacije. Svi genotipovi su posejani u četiri različita datuma setve sa razmakom od dve nedelje između datuma. Analizom rezultata može se primetiti da datum setve, genotip i njihova interakcija značajno utiču na variranje ispitivanih osobina. Utvrđeno je da povećanje prinosa semena prati povećanje kvaliteta proizvedenog semena u svim datumima setve. Korelacijama je utvrđeno da, smanjenje padavina u fazi nalivanja semena utiče na smanjenje prinosa semena i ulja. Primećeno je da visoke temperature od nicanja do butonizacije imaju negativan uticaj na prinos semena, ali povećavaju visinu biljke, energiju klijanja i klijavost proizvedenog semena. Visoke temperature tokom cvetanja negativno utiču na energiju klijanja i klijavost proizvedenog semena, ali pozitivno na prečnik glave. Prilagođavanje datuma setve može biti pouzdan alat za odgovor na buduće klimatske promene. Pomeranje optimalnih datuma setve (sredina aprila) na kasniji period (početak ili sredina maja) može smanjiti stresne uslove tokom oplodnje i nalivanja semena, rezultirajući većim prinosima i boljim kvalitetom proizvedenog semena, što je cilj s, Climate change has a significant impact on cultivated crops, reducing yield stability and seed quality. The adaptability of sunflower to climate change plays a key role in the perspective of growing this crop in Europe. By adjusting a free agrotechnical measure such as the sunflower sowing date, farmers can increase yields. The goal of the research is to analyze and evaluate how different genotypes react to different sowing dates in conditions of a changed climate, and to identify the most favorable conditions for maximum yields of seeds, oil, quality of produced seeds and morphological characteristics. The research was conducted from 2020 to 2022 on the experimental fields of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The experiment consisted of three isolations in four replications with six genotypes, as a simulation of seed production of the basic seed category and the certified seed category of the first generation. All genotypes were sown on four different sowing dates with a two-week interval between dates. Analyzing the results, it can be observed that the date of sowing, the genotype and their interaction significantly affect the variation of the tested traits. It was found that the increase in seed yield is accompanied by an increase in the quality of the produced seed on all sowing dates. Through correlations, it was determined that the decrease in precipitation during the seed-filling phase affects the decrease in seed and oil yields. It was observed that high temperatures from germination to budding have a negative effect on seed yield, but increase plant height, germination energy and germination of the seeds produced. High temperatures during flowering have a negative effect on the energy of germination and germination of the seeds produced, but a positive effect on the diameter of the head. Adjusting sowing dates can be a reliable tool to respond to future climate change. Shifting the optimal sowing dates (mid-April) to a later period (early

Oplemenjivanje gajenih biljaka je kontinuirani proces usmeren ka povećanju prinosa i poboljšanju njihove otpornosti na biotičke i abiotičke stresove. U novije vreme, česte i često nepredvidive varijacije u klimatskim i tržišnim uslovima su dovele do toga da klasične metode oplemenjivanja ne mogu uvek da obezbede rešenja i blagovremeni odgovor na nove izazove u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Imajući sve ovo u vidu, Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo (IFVCNS) je osnovao Centar izvrsnosti za inovacije u oplemenjivanju biljaka tolerantnih na promene klime – Climate Crops sa ciljem uvođenja i primene novih tehnika oplemenjivanja (NBT), kao i efikasnih platformi za fenotipizaciju u oplemenjivačke programe ratarskih biljaka u IFVCNS. Očekuje se da će aktivnocti u okviru Climate Crops pozitivno uticati na izvrsnost i inovativne kapacitete IFVCNS u oblasti oplemenjivanja biljaka tolerantnih na ekstremne vremenske uslove koji se javljaju kao posledica promene klime., Crop breeding is a continuous process aimed at increasing yields and improving crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recently, frequent and often unpredictable variations in climatic and market conditions have led to the fact that classical breeding methods cannot always provide solutions and a timely response to new challenges in agricultural production. With all this in mind, the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops (IFVCNS) established the Centre of Excellence for Innovations in the Breeding of Climate-tolerant Plants - Climate Crops with the aim of introducing and applying new breeding techniques (NBT), along with efficient phenotyping platforms in crop breeding programs in IFVCNS. It is expected that the activities within Climate Crops will have a positive impact on the excellence and innovative capacities of IFVCNS in the field of breeding plants tolerant to the extreme weather conditions that occur as a result of climate change.

Različiti vremenski okviri setve i karakteristike genotipova značajno utiču na varijacije u pokrovnosti useva suncokreta. Istraživanja ukazuju na mogućnost optimizacije pokrovnosti useva putem prilagođavanja datuma setve i odabira genotipa, posebno uzimajući u obzir dužinu vegetacije. Razvijeniji habitus biljke može značajno olakšati proces kontrole korova u suncokretu, pružajući veću pokrovnost, koja sprečava dalji rast korova. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita pokrovnost tri inbred linije suncokreta različite dužine vegetacije: ultra rana, srednje rana i kasna i njihov habitus kroz četiri različita roka setve i četiri perioda merenja: 30, 40, 50 i 60 dana nakon nicanja. Korišćenjem aplikacije „CANAPEO“, sprovedeno je detaljno merenje habitusa biljke suncokreta. Analiza varijanse korišćena je da bi se uočile razlike između habitusa kod različitih inbred linija, datuma setve i datuma merenja. Primećeno je da su inbred linije, datum setve i njihova interkacija imali značajan uticaj na habitus biljke tokom većine perioda merenja. Analiza rezultata pokazuje da nakon 30, 40, 50 i 60 dana od nicanja, poslednji rok setve i srednje rana inbred linija u proseku ostvaruje najveći habitus biljke, odnosno pokrovnost useva suncokreta. Srednje rana inbred linija sucnokreta nakon 60 dana od nicanja pokriva više od 99% površine zemlje i ne dopušta dalji rast korova. Može se zaključiti da primenom fenotipske analize habitusa biljke postoji mogućnost za efikasnije suzbijanje korova. Takođe, ističe se da uz pomeranje datuma setve prema kasnijem, dolazi do brže i efikasnije pokrovnosti tla ispod svih inbred linija suncokreta, što doprinosi efikasnom suzbijanju rasta korova., Different sowing dates and genotype characteristics significantly influence variations in sunflower canopy. Various studies indicate the potential for optimizing crop canopy through adjusted sowing times and genotype selection, particularly considering vegetation length. A more developed plant habitus can considerably facilitate weed control in sunflower fields, providing enhanced coverage that impedes further weed growth. The aim of this study was to examine the coverage of three different sunflower inbred lines with varying vegetation lengths: ultra-early, mid-early, and late, across four different sowing dates and four measurement periods: 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after emergence. Through the utilization of the “CANAPEO” application, a comprehensive measurement of sunflower plant habitus was conducted. Analysis of variance was employed to discern differences in habitus among different inbred lines, sowing dates, and measurement periods. It was observed that inbred lines, sowing dates, and their interaction significantly impacted plant habitus throughout most measurement periods. The results indicated that 30, 40, 50, and 60 days post-emergence, last sowing date and mid-early inbred line on average achieved the biggest habitus i.e. crop canopy. The mid-early inbred line covered over 99% of the ground surface after 60 days from emergence, preventing further weed growth. In conclusion, the application of phenotypic analysis of plant habitus presents an opportunity for efficient weed suppression. Additionally, shifting the sowing date towards later periods results in faster and more effective soil coverage beneath all sunflower inbred lines, contributing to effective weed growth inhibition.

Prednost gajenja suncokreta je njegova sposobnost da dobro koristi vodu i hranljive materije iz zemljišta zahvaljujući korenu koji prodire duboko u zemljište, ima dobru usisnu snagu i razvijenost. Prilikom testiranja klijavosti partija semena uočeno je da se u pojedinim godinama kod klijanaca u većoj meri ispoljava nedostatak primarnog korena te je i obavljeno istraživanje sa ciljem da se utvrdi da li ova pojava značajno utiče na prinos, masu 1000 semena i sadržaj ulja tri hibrida suncokreta. Ogled je bio postavljen na dva lokaliteta tokom dve proizvodne godine po split-plot metodu. Parcelice su formirane biljkama razvijenim iz klijanaca sa kompletnim korenom, druga biljkama razvijenim iz klijanaca bez primarnog korena, dok je treća parcelica predstavljala kombinaciju prethodne dve, zavisno od procentualnog učešća klijanaca bez primarnog korena u polaznoj partiji semena. Najveći prinos semena ostvaren je kod useva sa kompletnim korenom, kod hibrida NS-H-111 i Sumo 2 OR i značajno veći u odnosu na prinos useva bez primarnog korena. Masa 1000 semena hibrida NS-H-111 je kao i prinos bila najveća u prvoj varijanti, kod hibrida Oliva u drugoj, dok je kod hibrida Sumo 2 OR najveća vrednost utvrđena kod useva koji je formiran kombinacijom biljaka sa i bez primarnog korena. Značajno najveći sadržaj ulja hibrida NS-H-111 imao je usev bez primarnog korena, dok je kod hibrida Oliva značajno veći bio kod useva sa kompletnim korenom. Kod hibrida Sumo 2 OR značajnih razlika nije bilo. Razvijenost korena je značajno uticala na prinos i komponente prinosa, a utvrđen je i značajan uticaj samog genotipa., Sunflower’s ability to make good use of water and nutrients from the soil by means of strong root represents its cultivation advantage. During the seed lots germination testing, it was observed that the lack of a primary root is significantly manifested in seedlings occasionally, and research was carried out with the aim of determining whether this phenomenon significantly affects the yield, 1000 seed weight and oil content of three sunflower hybrids. The experiment was set up on two locations during two production years using the split-plot method. The plots were formed by plants developed from seedlings with a complete root, the second by plants without a primary root, and the third was a combination of the previous two, depending on the percentage participation in the initial seed lot. The highest seed yield was achieved in crops with complete roots, and in hybrids NS-H-111 and Sumo 2 OR it was significantly higher. The weight of 1000 seeds was the highest in the first variant at NS-H-111, in the second variant at Oliva, while the highest value was determined in the crop with and without primary roots at Sumo 2 OR. NS-H-111 had a significantly highest oil content at a crop without a primary root, while in hybrid Oliva was in crop with complete roots. In the case of the hybrid Sumo 2 OR, no significant differences were found. Root development had a significant impact on yield and yield components, and a significant influence of the genotype itself was also determined.

Klimatske promene negativno utiču na proizvodnju ratarskih useva, posebno tokom dugih sušnih perioda. Jedan od ključnih pristupa za ublažavanje uticaja ekstremnih klimatskih uslova je oplemenjivanje useva kako bi se poboljšala njihova prilagodljivost različitim uslovima gajenja. Međutim, tradicionalne metode oplemenjivanja su često dugotrajne, radno intenzivne i rezultati evaluacije mogu biti pristrasni. U cilju dubljeg razumevanja adaptivnog odgovora suncokreta na sušne stresove uzrokovane klimatskim promenama, SmartSun projekat primenjuje holistički pristup koji obuhvata digitalnu fenotipizaciju korena suncokreta, analizu epigenetskih mehanizama i integraciju dobijenih podataka mašinskim učenjem. Do sada je razvijen protokol za rani rast korena suncokreta kroz fenotipizaciju u rizotronima pod različitim uslovima zalivanja (70, 42 i 50% zapreminskog sadržaja vode). Testirane su inbred linije suncokreta sa Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo kako bi se identifikovali tolerantni i osetljivi genotipovi. Identifikovane su ključne morfološke osobine korena koje su pouzdane u razlikovanju osetljivosti na sušu., Climate change has a negative impact on the production of field crops, especially during extended periods of drought. One of the key strategies to mitigate the effects of extreme climate conditions is crop breeding aimed at enhancing their adaptability to various growing conditions. However, traditional breeding methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and the evaluation outcomes may be biased. To gain a deeper understanding of the adaptive response of sunflowers to drought stress caused by climate change, the SmartSun Project employs a holistic approach encompassing digital root phenotyping, analysis of epigenetic mechanisms, and the integration of acquired data through machine learning. A protocol for early sunflower root growth has been developed using phenotyping in rhizotrons under different watering conditions (70%, 42%, and 50% volumetric water content). Inbred sunflower lines from the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops (IFVCNS) were tested to identify tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Key morphological root traits that reliably differentiate drought sensitivity have been identified.

Suncokret (Helianthus annuus L.), u poređenju sa drugim usevima se smatra bolje adaptiranim prema sušnim uslovima. Međutim, različito ispoljavanje suše može prouzrokovati štete merljive u prinosu semena i sadržaju ulja u semenu. U poljskim uslovima stres izazvan sušom se ispoljava u vidu uvelosti počev od donjih spratova lišća koja napreduje sa trajanjem sušnih uslova. Razlike u stepenu uvelosti između biljaka suncokreta i genotipova su, iako lako uočljive, nedovoljne za pouzdan zaključak o tolerantnosti prema suši. Za potrebe kvantifikacije tolerantnosti suncokreta prema suši i uticaja suše na arhitekturu korena razvijene su različite metode od kojih jedna podrazumeva gajenje biljaka u rizotronima tokom vremenskog perioda ograničenog brzinom rasta korena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bilo proučavanje korena suncokreta primenom rizotrona u uslovima suše., Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), compared to other crops is considered to be better adapted to drought conditions. However, various drought scenarios can inflict damage quantified in terms of lower seed yield and oil content. In field conditions drought stress in visible in wilting starting with leaves of lower strata and progressing with persistence of stress conditions. Differences in level of wilting symptoms between sunflower plants and genotypes can be observed, although firm conclusion about drought tolerance is not easy to make. To quantify drought tolerance and impact of drought on root architecture various approaches in root phenotyping have been developed. One of methods includes growing plants in rhizotrons for period of time limited by root growth speed.

Suncokret je najznačajnija uljarica u Srbiji i četvrta po važnosti u svetu. Oplemenjivanje suncokreta u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo ima tradiciju dugu preko pet decenija. U toku ovog perioda glavni ciljevi oplemenjivanja su bili povećanje prinosa semena i ulja, kao i tolerantnosti na biotički stres. U današnje vreme, sa klimatskim promenama koje ugrožavaju proizvodnju suncokreta, povećanje tolerancije na abiotički stres postaje važan cilj u oplemenjivanju. Suša kao glavni abiotički stres izaziva odgovor biljaka na različitim nivoima: morfološkom, fiziološkom, biohemijskom i molekularnom. Na molekularnom nivou izaziva promene u ekspresiji gena, akumulaciju različitih metabolita i sintezu specifičnih proteina. Pošto je tolerantnost na sušu složena kvantitativna osobina, potrebno je korišćenje sveobuhvatnog pristupa za otkrivanje mehanizama koje suncokret razvija da bi se izborio sa stresom., Sunflower is the most important oil crop in Serbia and the fourth most important oil crop worldwide. There is a five decade-long tradition of sunflower breeding at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. Besides the main breeding objectives such as breeding for high seed and oil yield, enhancing biotic stress tolerance has been one of the priorities throughout the past. Nowadays with the climate change jeopardizing sunflower production, increasing abiotic stress tolerance is becoming an important breeding goal. Drought as a major abiotic stress induces plant response on different levels: morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular. On molecular level it causes alteration in gene expression, accumulation of different metabolites and synthesis of specific proteins. As drought tolerance is such a complex quantitative trait, it requires exploiting a holistic approach for the detection of mechanisms sunflower develops to withstand it.