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Abstract: Antibiotic resistance can be characterized, in biochemical terms, as an antibiotic’s inability to reach its bacterial target at a concentration that was previously effective. Microbial resistance to different agents can be intrinsic or acquired. Intrinsic resistance occurs due to inherent functional or structural characteristics of the bacteria, such as antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, nonspecific efflux pumps, and permeability barriers. On the other hand, bacteria can acquire resistance mechanisms via horizontal gene transfer in mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. Acquired resistance mechanisms include another category of efflux pumps with more specific substrates, which are plasmid-encoded. Efflux pumps are considered one of the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and biocides, presenting themselves as integral membrane transporters. They are essential in both bacterial physiology and defense and are responsible for exporting structurally diverse substrates, falling into the following main families: ATP-binding cassette (ABC), multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), major facilitator superfamily (MFS), small multidrug resistance (SMR) and resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND). The Efflux pumps NorA and Tet(K) of the MFS family, MepA of the MATE family, and MsrA of the ABC family are some examples of specific efflux pumps that act in the extrusion of antibiotics. In this review, we address bacterial efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), including 1,8-naphthyridine sulfonamide derivatives, given the pre-existing knowledge about the chemical characteristics that favor their biological activity. The modification and emergence of resistance to new EPIs justify further research on this theme, aiming to develop efficient compounds for clinical use.

aims: This work focuses on the antibacterial activity of chalcones against Staphylococcus aureus, which causes several diseases and is one of the main microorganisms with increasing resistance to conventional drugs. background: Studies with natural or synthetic products from chalcones have shown to be very promising due to their peculiar structure that allows different possibilities of reallocations that will define their diverse bioactivities in the creation of new substances. This creation is facilitated by the synthesis of substances in conjunction with the molecular study, which allows a considerable advance in research, reducing the number of in vitro tests. objective: This work focuses on the antibacterial activity of chalcones against Staphylococcus aureus, which causes several diseases and is one of the main microorganisms with increasing resistance to conventional drugs. method: Articles that studied antibacterial activity, efflux pump, or molecular docking were considered as complementary analysis in chalcones. From these data, molecular docking and ADMET of the first five chalcones were performed with the best activity found. result: The result of the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed through in silico study and pharmacokinetic data. conclusion: The results of the antimicrobial activity of the most active chalcones against Staphylococcus aureus was supported by in silico and the pharmacokinetic study which not only confirmed their potential to act against resistant strains but also established in future utility of chalcones as lead molecules or prototypes for the synthesis of potent new antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. other: None