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Cyclodextrin Metal-Organic Frameworks (CD MOFs) represent an innovative class of materials with remarkable properties and a broad range of applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis techniques, structural characterization, and diverse applications of CD-MOFs. By combining cyclodextrins (CDs) with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), CD-MOFs are developed with enhanced functionality. The synthesis methods, including various metal sources, coordination modes, and post-synthesis modifications, are discussed alongside advanced structural characterization techniques like X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods. The unique characteristics of CD-MOFs, such as high specific surface area, tunable porosity, and customizable chemical structure, make them exceptional candidates for applications in gas adsorption, drug delivery, catalysis, sensing, and environmental remediation. Notably, CD-MOFs show significant promise as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems, offering improved therapeutic outcomes due to their efficient encapsulation and controlled release capabilities. The review highlights recent advancements and underscores the potential impact of CD-MOFs in driving future innovations across various scientific fields., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Influenza, a highly transmissible respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses A and B, poses a persistent threat to global public health due to its high mutation rate, ability to develop resistance to existing antiviral drugs, and capacity for rapid spread. Current treatment options, including four main classes of antiviral agents-adamantanes, neuraminidase inhibitors, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, and polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitors- are limited by the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains, non-specific drug distribution, and adverse side effects. Moreover, the effectiveness of traditional vaccines is often compromised by antigenic drift and shift, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. This review comprehensively explores the potential of novel targeted drug delivery systems to address these limitations and improve influenza management. Nanotechnology-based platforms, including lipid-based, polymer-based, inorganic, and hybrid nanoparticles, offer enhanced drug delivery through improved bioavailability, targeted action, and controlled release, thus minimizing systemic toxicity and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Inhalation delivery systems such as dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, and nanotechnology-based inhalation formulations provide direct delivery of antiviral agents to the respiratory tract, ensuring rapid onset of action with reduced systemic side effects. Transdermal delivery methods, including microneedle patches and hydrogel-based systems, offer non-invasive alternatives that enhance patient compliance and allow for sustained drug release. Furthermore, this review discusses recent innovations, such as responsive drug delivery systems and multifunctional nanoparticles capable of simultaneous delivery of multiple therapeutic agents, representing a significant advancement in the fight against influenza. These novel approaches promise improved targeting and efficacy and enable personalized treatment strategies, enhancing patient outcomes in both seasonal flu and pandemic scenarios. Integrating these advanced drug delivery systems into clinical practice could revolutionize the management of influenza, offering a promising pathway toward more effective and safer therapies., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Addressing infectious conditions presents a formidable challenge, primarily due to the escalating issue of bacterial resistance. This, coupled with limited financial resources and stagnant antibiotic research, compounds the antibiotic crisis. Innovative strategies, including novel antibiotic development and alternative solutions, are crucial to combat microbial resistance. Nanotherapeutics offers a promising approach to enhance drug delivery systems. Integration into lipid-based nanoscale delivery systems, particularly through therapeutic substance encapsulation in liposomal carriers, significantly prolongs drug presence at infection sites. This not only reduces toxicity but also shields antibiotics from degradation. Lipidic carriers, particularly liposomes, exhibit remarkable specificity in targeting infectious cells. This holds great promise in combating antimicrobial resistance and potentially transforming treatment for multi-drug resistant infections. Leveraging liposomal carriers may lead to breakthroughs in addressing drugresistant bacterial infections. This review emphasizes the potential of antimicrobial-loaded liposomes as a novel delivery system for bacterial infections. Encapsulating antimicrobial agents within liposomes enhances treatment efficiency. Moreover, liposomal systems counteract challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance, offering hope in managing persistent multidrug-resistant infections. In the battle against bacterial resistance and the antibiotics crisis, the use of antimicrobial-loaded liposomes as delivery vehicles shows great promise. This innovative approach not only extends drug effectiveness and reduces toxicity but also provides a path to address highly resistant infectious conditions. As research advances, liposomal nanotherapeutics may emerge as a transformative solution in the fight against bacterial infections., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The biotechnology field has witnessed rapid advancements, leading to the development of numerous proteins and peptides (PPs) for disease management. The production and isolation of bioactive milk peptides (BAPs) involve enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, followed by purification through various techniques such as ultrafiltration and chromatography. The nutraceutical potential of bioactive milk peptides has gained significant attention in nutritional research, as these peptides may regulate blood sugar levels, mitigate oxidative stress, improve cardiovascular health, gut health, bone health, and immune responses, and exhibit anticancer properties. However, to enhance BAP bioavailability, the encapsulation method can be used to offer protection against protease degradation and controlled release. This article provides insights into the composition, types, production, isolation, bioavailability, and health benefits of BAPs., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Skin cancer, a global burden for particularly white people, is classified as various histopathological types, including malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell carcinoma, on the basis of affected different skin layers. Clinical adjuvant therapy (electro-chemotherapy, radio- and immuno therapy), surgical techniques (Cryosurgery, laser treatment, dermabrasion, Moh's micrographic surgery), photodynamic treatment and theranostic approaches are confined only for the treatment of serious health issues. Therefore, nanotechnology based approaches, especially nanoemulsion, a non-spontaneous, transparent or translucent, kinetically stable nanostructured (1-1000nm) colloidal dispersion (comprised of oil, water and surfactant/cosurfactant), are being popularised as a potential topical nanocarrier to deliver BCS class II and IV anti-neoplastic drugs attributing to its capacity for both active and passive tumor targeting in controlled or sustained manner and improving bioavailability via enhancing permeabilityretention effect with minimal adverse effects. Numerous research on nanoemulsion for the treatment of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer is only limited to preclinical stages as several physiological variables reduce the effectiveness of nanoemulsion via restricting topical penetration., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Skin cancer is one of the most common and complex types of the disease, resulting in a high mortality rate worldwide. Skin cancer can be treated with chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, etc. In most cases, a patient's condition and the type of skin cancer determine the recommended treatment options. As a result of poor penetration of the drug into stratum corneum or lesions, low efficacy, and higher concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredients required to achieve a therapeutic effect, the efficacy of skin cancer therapy has been limited. The high dose requirement, as well as poor bioavailability at the site of action, causes skin inflammation, which greatly hinders drug absorption. This review mainly focuses on research on nanocarriers for sitespecific and controlled delivery of therapeutics for skin cancer treatment. The information related to various nanocarriers systems for skin cancer will be illustrated. This also focused on patents, clinical trials, and research carried out in the field of liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, nanoparticles, microemulsion, nanoemulsions, gels, nanogels, hydrogels, dendrimers, and nanofibers for treating skin cancer. Nanotechnology-based therapy has shown great promise in controlling skin cancer and can be used to deliver drugs more effectively., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The meninges serve as a protective layer, and the fluid around the brain and spinal cord can become inflamed, known as meningitis. Lipid-based pharmaceutical formulations, by their high lipophilicity, can negotiate the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The current mode of treatment of meningitis is mainly through antibiotics, which, at best, is partially effective. The success of antibiotic therapy depends on several factors, for example, the difficulty of reaching the infection site, maintaining proper concentrations of the drug after crossing the BBB, and finally, its efficacy in preventing recurrent infection. In this context, interest has focused on organic and inorganic nanostructures for meningitis and transporting antibiotics to the selected region through the BBB. A focus has also been placed on several polymeric nanotechnology techniques for detecting various types of meningitis. This review focuses on nano interventions and their most recent meningitis treatments using nanotechnology., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Globally, one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths is colon cancer. As this form of cancer has a tremendous potential to metastasize, effective treatment is complicated and sometimes impossible. Despite the improvement of conventional chemotherapy and the advent of targeted therapies, overcoming multi-drug resistance (MDR) and side effects remain significant challenges. As a therapeutic intervention for targeted gene silencing in cancer, RNA technology shows promise and certain RNA-based formulations are currently undergoing clinical studies. Various studies have reported that RNA-based nanoparticles have demonstrated substantial promise for targeted medication delivery, gene therapy, and other biomedical applications. However, using RNA as a therapeutic tool presents severe limitations, mainly related to its low stability and poor cellular uptake. Nanotechnology offers a flexible and tailored alternative due to the difficulties in delivering naked RNA molecules safely in vivo, such as their short half-lives, low chemical stability, and susceptibility to nuclease degradation. In addition to shielding RNA molecules from immune system attacks and enzymatic breakdown, the nanoparticle-based delivery systems allow RNA accumulation at the tumor site. The potential of RNA and RNA-associated nanomedicines for the treatment of colon cancer, as well as the prospects for overcoming any difficulties related to mRNA, are reviewed in this study, along with the current progress of mRNA therapeutics and advancements in designing nanomaterials and delivery strategies., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and spread of abnormal cells in the body, resulting in the development of tumors or clusters of irregular cells. The factors contributing to cancer are intricate, involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle elements. Risk factors for cancer include the use of nicotine, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to radiation or specific chemicals, and a family history of the disease. Common treatment methods for cancer encompass surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. These treatments aim to eliminate cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells. Recent research has extensively explored the potential of bioactive compounds as agents for combating cancer. However, effectively delivering such compounds to specific target sites is a complex undertaking. Consequently, there has been widespread exploration of polymer applications in the development of nanomedicine for delivering bioactive substances. Additionally, the technique of grafting native excipients onto polymers has been investigated to enhance their versatility in the delivery of these compounds to specific tumor cells. This review offers a brief yet informative summary of how grafted chitosan is employed as a delivery system for bioactive phytopharmaceuticals possessing anticancer properties. In essence, it delves into the use of grafted chitosan in facilitating the transport and targeted release of these natural compounds that have demonstrated potential in combating cancer. This innovative approach has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of anticancer treatments and minimize their adverse effects on healthy cells., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Cancer is defined as the unchecked expansion of aberrant cells. Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery are currently used in combination to treat cancer. Traditional drug delivery techniques kill healthy proliferating cells when used over prolonged periods of time in cancer chemotherapy. Due to the fact that the majority of tumor cells do not infiltrate right away, this is particularly true when treating solid tumors. A targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) is a tool that distributes medication to a selected bioactive location in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology-based delivery techniques are having a substantial impact on cancer treatment, and polymers are essential for making nanoparticulate carriers for cancer therapy. The advantages of nanotherapeutic drug delivery systems (NDDS) in terms of technology include longer half-life, improved biodistribution, longer drug circulation time, regulated and sustained drug release, flexibility in drug administration method, higher drug intercellular concentration, and others. The benefits and drawbacks of cancer nanomedicines, such as polymer-drug conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, immunoconjugates, liposomes, and nanoparticles, are discussed in this work, along with the most recent findings on polymer-based anticancer drugs., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant health issue, with countless individuals suffering. With its bleak outlook, the number of deaths caused by CRC can only be reduced if new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are identified and developed quickly. Recent developments in screening programme development and patient management have been encouraging, but many unanswered questions still need to be addressed before a customized colorectal cancer approach can be implemented. Prevention of diseases, the detection of them in their early stages, the analysis of the severity, and the treatment of any metastasized diseases are all paramount. Despite the increased utilization of genetic profiles in decision-making processes, such as the selection of therapy and predicting drug response, there are only a limited number of validated biomarkers for colorectal cancer that are suitable for clinical practice. To further research into colorectal carcinogenesis, pinpoint prospective indicators, and validate these indicators, creating non-intrusive, sensitive, and exact biomarkers is an urgent requirement. This procedure is reliant on translational proteomics. This investigation serves as a comprehensive resource on the current state of genetic and epigenetic biomarkers in diagnosing, predicting, and evaluating colorectal cancer. It underscores the transformative potential of these biomarkers in advancing CRC patient care, from early detection to personalized treatment strategies. However, it also underscores the need for ongoing research and validation to realize their clinical utility fully., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Esophageal cancer is a complex disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in non-coding regions of the genome have emerged as crucial contributors to esophageal cancer susceptibility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of SNPs in non-coding regions and their association with esophageal cancer. The accumulation of SNPs in the genome has been implicated in esophageal cancer risk. Various studies have identified specific locations in the genome where SNPs are more likely to occur, suggesting a location-specific response. Chromatin conformational studies have shed light on the localization of SNPs and their impact on gene transcription, posttranscriptional modifications, gene expression regulation, and histone modification. Furthermore, miRNA-related SNPs have been found to play a significant role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). These SNPs can affect miRNA binding sites, thereby altering target gene regulation and contributing to ESCC development. Additionally, the risk of ESCC has been linked to base excision repair, suggesting that SNPs in this pathway may influence disease susceptibility. Somatic DNA segment alterations and modified expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) have also been associated with ESCC. These alterations can lead to disrupted gene expression and cellular processes, ultimately contributing to cancer development and progression. Moreover, SNPs have been found to be associated with the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR, which plays a crucial role in ESCC pathogenesis. This review concludes with a discussion of the current and future perspectives in the field of SNPs in non-coding regions and their relevance to esophageal cancer. Understanding the functional implications of these SNPs may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and the development of personalized approaches for esophageal cancer prevention and treatment., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Topical ocular delivery of drugs is most commonly preferred route by the patient and physician for the treatment of ocular diseases. The topical route is always followed with the disadvantages like tear turnover, nasolacrimal drainage, reduction in precorneal residence time, etc. To overcome these hindrances associated with topical ocular route, a novel drug delivery system is used for targeting the drug at a specific site. In the Novel Drug delivery System, protein-based nanoparticles are an attractive class of nanoparticles designed to deliver the drug at targeted site in slow and sustained release manner. They have a size in the range of 1-100 nm. Protein nanoparticles are leading, particularly for the topical ocular delivery like reduction in intra ocular pressure, providing sustained release and targeted drug delivery at the site of its action. Various methods are used for formulation of protein nanoparticles like desolvation, emulsification, complex coacervation, electrospray techniques. The characterization parameters include particle size, surface morphology, drug loading and entrapment efficiency. Protein nanoparticles can also be loaded in to the in situ gel forming polymers for increasing precorneal residence time of nanoparticles. The characterization parameters of in situ gelling systems are gelling time, rheological properties, gel strength. The review mainly describes the use of various proteins in preparation of protein nanoparticles, methods for preparation of protein nanoparticles, polymers used in in situ gelling system and evaluation as well as characterization parameters of protein nanoparticles, in situ gelling systems & patented information related to protein nanoparticles and in situ gelling system for ocular drug delivery., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

During space exploration, the human body is subjected to altered atmospheric environments and gravity, exposure to radiation, sleep disturbance, and mental pressures; all these factors are responsible for cardiovascular diseases. Under microgravity, the physiological changes related to cardiovascular diseases are the cephalic fluid shift, dramatic reduction in central venous pressure, changes in blood rheology and endothelial function, cerebrovascular abnormalities, headaches, optic disc edema, intracranial hypertension, congestion of the jugular vein, facial swelling, and loss of taste. Generally, five countermeasures are used to maintain cardiovascular health (during and after space missions), including shielding, nutritional, medicinal, exercise, and artificial gravity. This article concludes with how to reduce space missions' impact on cardiovascular health with the help of various countermeasures., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Levothyroxine Sodium is a thyroid hormone replacement therapy for Hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine Sodium is approved to treat Hypothyroidisim, to suppress thyroid hormone release from cancerous thyroid nodules, and to prevent the growth of goiters. In addition, it is also used to treat conditions such as myxedema, cretinism, and obesity., Objective: This assessment highlights the overview of the recent patents of Levothyroxine Sodium. This review includes patents grouped in sections like product patents, process patents, and composition-related patents, along with the treatment methodology. The objective of this article is to impel pseudoscientists to all existing patents in a solitary place., Methods: Data were gathered from various internet-based resources, including Patentscope ® (WIPO), Worldwide Espacenet® (EPO), Google Patents, and InPASS (Indian patent database)., Results: Several new processes and composition-related patents of Levothyroxine Sodium have been reported. Further, due to the problem of photosensitivity, oxidation during development, and stability of Levothyroxine Sodium formulation, several excipients are tried in these patents to stabilize the same. However, the formulation of Levothyroxine Sodium with better characteristics needs to be developed., Conclusion: Extensive exposure has been carried out towards various processes for the preparation of Levothyroxine Sodium and the composition of the same. This sort of dynamic exploration will clear the path for many generic players, which will lead to the reduction of the expense of the composition and accordingly enhance global health care at a less expensive cost., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Objective: Gut microbiota is currently targeted for various diseases especially metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Our strategy is to alter gut microflora via specific antibiotic to reduce load of inflammation in the liver that increases as a result of high carbohydrate diet. Th1, Th17 and Treg are important immune cell types which decide the type of inflammatory response. Liver is tolerogenic in nature with low Th17/Treg ratio. In diabetics, this ratio decreases even more, and can cause liver trauma., Method: The present study tries to find relationship between gut flora and immune cells such as Th1/Th17/Treg and their role in liver metabolism using diet induced diabetic mice model., Result: Upon alteration of flora using Cefdinir in different forms, one could help lower the level of Treg cells thus increasing the ratio. Gut flora is strongly associated with the immunity in the liver. Targeted alteration of gut flora helps us to restore insulin sensitivity., Conclusion: Colon targeted Cefdinir gives more promising results, opens colonic bacteria as target for improving gut, liver inflammation and insulin sensitivity., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Gut microbiota has a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Colonic microflora modulation using an antibiotic might have an emerging role to treat the metabolic disorders. The present study was aimed to optimize the Moxifloxacin loaded chitosan microspheres (MCMs) by emulsion cross linking method for colon targeted delivery to alter the microflora., Methods: Preliminary optimization of MCMs was carried out using Placket-Burman design (PBD) following by final optimization with Box-Behnken design (BBD). Optimized MCMs were evaluated for yield, particle size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro/ in vivo antimicrobial activities., Results: FTIR spectroscopy of MCMs confirms the absence of chemical interactions during the formulation. MCMs were found to be smooth, spherical with particle size around 20μm. An enteric coating of MCMs prevented the drug release in the acidic environment of the stomach and ileum with complete release at the colon. MCMs had followed the korsmeyer - peppas model of drug release, indicating the drug release by non-fickian diffusion pattern. MCMs showed significant in vitro antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus casei and Escherichia coli. In vivo results of MCMs exhibited prolonged antimicrobial effect of drug in the cecal content of rats. Significant protective activity observed in the ileum and colon histology in rats treated with MCMs compared to the pure drug., Conclusion: MCMs were formulated by emulsion cross linking method using QBD approach. An enteric coating around the microspheres prevented the premature drug release at upper gastrointestinal tract, while chitosan cross linking has provided the sustain release of the drug in the colonic region over the time.

Sugar rich diet induces inflammation and insulin resistance mainly through gut microbiota alteration. Gut microflora dysbiosis increases plasma lipopolysaccharide and reduces short chain fatty acids to impair the insulin signaling cascades by different molecular pathways to progress into diabetes. Chitosan based formulations have major significance in insulin delivery system due to their ability to protect the insulin from enzymatic degradation and its efficient inter-epithelial transport. This study was designed to investigate the effect of chitosan administration on gut microflora mediated signaling pathways to prevent the diet induced diabetes. Male wistar rats were divided into non-diabetic group with a normal diet (CD), diabetic group with high sucrose diet (HSD) and treatment group with HSD and chitosan (60 mg/kg). After 8 weeks of the study, significant alterations in two major gut dominant microbial phyla i.e Firmicutes and Bacteroides and four dominant microbial species i.e. Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia and Clostridia were observed in HSD group compared to CD. This microbial dysbiosis in dominant phyla was significantly prevented in chitosan administrated HSD group. Chitosan administration had also reduced the HSD induced activation of Toll like receptors and Nod like receptors signaling pathways compared to HSD control group to reduce the inflammation. These suggest that chitosan can prevent the progression of Type 2 Diabetes through gut microbiota alteration, reducing endotoxin and microbes mediated inflammation.

Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are leading health problems which are characterized by low-grade inflammation with an increase in inflammatory cytokines along with the change in the gut microbiota population. Toll like Receptors (TLRs) and NOD like Receptors (NLRs) are very prominent pathogen recognition receptors, which play a significant role in the innate immune system. Both TLRs and NLRs pathways are mediated through different adaptor proteins; commonly found to activate the NF-kB, which induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. It has been suggested that TLRs and NLRs have a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammation mediated insulin resistance, which further develops metabolic complications. TLRs mediated mechanism for insulin resistance involves activation through TLR ligands such as increased free fatty acids and lipid derivatives from adipocytes as well as the skeletal muscles. Moreover, gut microbiota alteration in the type 2 diabetes also plays a key role by increasing the plasma LPS levels, which specifically activates TLR4 and provokes the inflammation mediated insulin resistance. NOD1 and NOD2 are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, possibly through the recognition of the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota modulation by antibiotics plays a crucial role in increasing insulin sensitivity, possibly through the TLRs and NLRs mediated signaling responses, which suggest future therapeutic approaches for obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this review, we focused on the interdependent role of TLRs and NLRs in metabolic diseases and their cross talk for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.

Buccal adhesive patches containing 20 mg of propranolol hydrochloride were prepared using solvent casting method. Chitosan was used as a natural bioadhesive polymer. Patches were prepared at different ratios of PVP K-30 and evaluated for various physicochemical characteristics such as weight variation, drug content uniformity, folding endurance, surface pH, ex-vivo mucoadhesive strength, ex-vivo residence time, in vitro drug release and in vitro buccal permeation study. Patches exhibited sustained release over a period of 7 hours. The mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian diffusion. Addition of PVP K-30 generally enhanced the releasing rate. The ex-vivo mucoadhesive strength was performed using sheep buccal mucosa on modified physical balance. Optimized patches (batch F4) showed satisfactory bioadhesive strength (9.6 degrees 2.0 gram) and ex vivo residence time (272 degrees 0.25 minutes). Swelling index was proportional to PVP K-30. The surface pH of all batches was within satisfactory limit (7.0+/-1.5) and hence patches would not cause irritation in the buccal cavity. Good correlation was observed between in vitro drug release and in vitro drug permeation with correlation coefficient of 0.9364. Stability of optimized patches was performed in natural human saliva showed that both drug and dosage forms were stable in human saliva.