Search

Since the authors are not responding to the editor’s requests to fulfill the editorial requirement, therefore, the article has been withdrawn by the publisher., Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused., The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php., Bentham Science Disclaimer: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net)

Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare population of tumor cells, which play an important role in tumor initiation, progression, and maintenance. The concept that cancer cells arise from stem cells was presented about 150 years ago. Recently, this hypothesis was renewed considering the heterogeneity of tumor cells. CSCs are resistant to chemo- and radio-therapy. Therefore, targeting CSCs could be a novel and effective strategy to struggle with tumor cells., Objective: In this mini-review, we highlight that different immunotherapeutic approaches can be used to target cancer cells and eradicate different tumor cells. The most important targets are specific markers recognized on the CSC surface as CSC antigens such as CD44, CD133, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH), and SOX family members. This article emphasizes recent advances in CSCs in cancer therapy., Results: Our results present that CSC antigens play an important role in tumor initiation, especially in the cells that are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy agents. Therefore, they are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy, for instance, in developing different types of cancer vaccines or antibodies against tumor cells., Conclusion: The current studies related to cancer immunotherapy through targeting the CSC antigens based on their properties are briefly summarized. Altogether, CSC antigens can be efficiently targeted to treat cancer patients., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Breast cancer (BC) remains as one of the important causes of cancer deaths among women globally. Therefore, finding an effective treatment for BC is really needed. Cancer immunotherapy, as an emerging field, has a notable role in BC therapy. Peptide vaccines possess an outstanding role among different strategies in cancer immunotherapy. In vaccine design for cancer, induction of cellular and humoral immune responses should be considered. In the current study, cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes were evoked from human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2), mucin 1 protein (MUC1), and heparanase antigenic proteins; and helper T lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes were determined from survivin protein by various immunoinformatics servers. Furthermore, our vaccine peptide contains several linear and conformational B cell epitopes that can induce humoral immunity. In order to elicit broad cellular and humoral immune responses, Por B protein from Neisseria meningitides, which is one of the toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists, was utilized as an adjuvant in the vaccine construct. The designed peptide vaccine contains the extracellular domain of murine ULBP-like transcript 1 (MULT1), which binds to a natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor with a high affinity and has a key role in triggering the innate immune response. All the mentioned segments were fused together by functional and structural amino acid linkers. Taken together, we project that our vaccine construct can potentially induce cellular, humoral, and innate immune responses in BC patients.