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Capacity development targets the changes occurs in human behavior in response to learn any new skills, knowledge, behavior and values overtime within complex organization setting. This development process indicates the progressive readiness of human resource to perform in complex environment. Similarly, this growth process of individual would reflect when dealing with others

Objective: To assess the anxiety and depression among the dentists of Karachi by using AKUADS. Study Design and Setting: It was a cross sectional study design conducted in Karachi. Methodology: The calculated sample size was 293.The data was collected over a period of 3 months with the help of validated Questionnaire of Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS). Informed consent was taken and rationale was explained to all the participants before commencement of this study. Results: Our study focused on sample of 234. The response rate was 79.8%. The anxiety and depression was prevalent in 67.9% of dentists from Karachi. Males and unmarried/single dentists were more depressed than females and married dentists. The 24-30 years of dentists having more than five years of professional experience and were working more than 40 hours per week were found to be more depressed n=82 (72.56%) than the dentists who worked less than forty hours per week; n=77 (63.6%) and calculated P value was 0.093. When analyzing the association between anxiety and depression and working sector; dentists who worked in private sector (n=81) 71.05% were found to be more depressed than the dentists worked in Public sector and the calculated P-value was 0.197. Conclusion: The study rendered substantial data about unexpectedly high prevalence of anxiety and depression among the sample of dentists from Karachi. It was inferred from the study that experience in professional field, age of dentists, more than 40 hours working per week and working in private sector have been associated with anxiety and depression among the dentists of Karachi.

Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TMDs among the sample of Karachi and to observe the most frequent TMJ sound in this population. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study conducted from Sep 2017 to Nov 2017. Three hundred patients were selected through cluster sample technique from the public/private dental institutes and private dental clinics of Karachi. The data was collected with the help of questionnaire and intraoral examination was performed by the researchers. All those patients with complain of TMDs and between 20-75 years were included in this study. The frequency and association between gender and TMDs were assessed through the application of Chi square. Results: There were more males (n=162, 54%) and (n=138, 46%) females in this study. Majority of participants fall under the age group of 20-30 years of age. Most common TMDs symptom among male was pain during mastication (n=104, 64%) and most common symptoms among female was pain on neck/cervical area which was (n=92, 66%). Headache and earache was the least common symptom among both genders and p-value was 0.003 and 0.024 respectively. Clicking was the most common TMJ sound found among both genders, in male it was (n=58, 35.8%) and in female it was (n=48, 34.7%) followed by crepitation. Regarding parafunctional habits; majority of females (n=95, 68.8%) were in habit of clenching than male (n=60, 37%) and p-value was 0.0001 followed by tooth grinding which was also found mostly in female (n=64, 46.3%) then male (n=10, 6.1%) and p-value was 0.0001. Regarding the risk factors of TMDs; while examination majority of females were found with disturbed articulation,(n= 37,26.8%) and in male it was (n=10, 6.1%), significance difference was found between both genders and p-value was 0.0001. Stress was found to be most common risk factor and aggravating factor of TMDs among both genders. Missing teeth were found in both gender; (n=100, 61.7%) male and (n=71, 51.4%) female and calculated p-value was 0.047. Conclusion: It was inferred from this study that greater prevalence of TMDs was mostly found in female gender. The statistically significant difference was found among stress as an aggravating factor of TMDs and gender. Clicking was the most prevalent TMJ sound and clenching was the most frequently observed parafunctional habit among both gender, followed by tooth grinding and statistically significant difference found among both gender.

There is a dire need to incorporate quality improvement measures in medical education of our country as now worldwide the paradigm is shifted from the students’ outcome to the continuous quality improvement (CQI) measures. The ultimate goal of CQI is to provide optimal patient care. This is the responsibility of the accreditation council (PMDC) to ensure the true application of quality improvement indicators in medical institutes. The quality document introduced by the PMDC is the true reflection of the world accreditation bodies WFME, WHO. By ensuring the true application of this quality document, Pakistan Medical and Dental Council will be able to compete with the International standards of medical education through competent future physicians.

COVID-19 is indeed the crisis of the century. Previouslyunidentified coronavirus, (SARS-Severe acute respiratorysyndrome) in 2002-2003 and in the form of (MERS- CoV-2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2) in 20111 now named as COVID-19 emerged from Wuhan, China inlate December 2019. 1 This COVID-19 is exponentiallyexpanded worldwide in 25 countries by (Feb-6-2020) andin 195 countries by (April-18-2020).2Globally, there are2162408 cases: 543312 recovered, 144683 deaths and 56986critically ill patients according to international statisticsby(April-18-2020).2 By January 30-2020, the WHO declaredthe Public Health Emergency of International concern.1 Onfeb-11-2020, this disease was named as Coronavirus Disease2019 (COVID-19) by WHO and is single stranded RNAvirus. 3 COVID-19 is named as fifth category ofcommunicable disease by Center of disease control, Taiwanand disease with severe pneumonia on January 15, 2020.1In Pakistan, the first case of COVID-19 was reported inFebruary 26-2020 from Karachi; there are 7,638 confirmedcases, 1832 (24%) recovered, 144(1.9%) deaths as by 18-april-2020. 2The confirmed cases of COVID-19 has similar clinicalsymptoms as of SARS and MERS such as fatigue, fever,dry cough, arthralgia, myalgia, respiratory symptoms,elevated C reactive protein, prolonged prothrombin timeand elevated lactate dehydrogenase. 4 Majority of infectedpersons are asymptomatic or having mild symptoms, theinfection can lead to pneumonia or death. The transmissionin human to human during incubation period fromasymptomatic individuals is troublesome which make itdifficult to limit the spread of disease. 5 The average casefatality rate is 2.3% and it is increased as 8% between 70-79 years and 14.8% among aged 80 years and over whichis of major concern. 6 In china, currently the case incidencerates are decreased due to the measure steps taken by thembut case fatality rates are exponentially increased all overthe world. 7 Worldwide, there are various measures underwayto limit the transmission of disease such as closure ofeducational institutes, cancellation of large gatherings andconferences, travel curtailment etc. It will remain a formidablechallenge to develop an anti COVID-treatment or vaccine.The precautionary measures includes washing hands for 20seconds, wearing mask, social distancing, coughing andsneezing etiquettes are being practiced worldwide. In additionlock down is also observed in various countries of the worldto inhibit the local transmission of COVID-19.The extent of the adverse impacts of COVID-19 oneconomical, social, cultural, educational, scientific, health,commercial and various aspects, along with the burden onhealthcare, anticipated rates of fatalities and predicted spreadof the disease worldwide, it is significantly important toexplore the preventive strategies to fight against COVID-19. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available forCOVID-19 and only symptomatic treatment is provided tothe patients.There is an i

The world is facing the sweeping effects of COVID 19 thathas started from Wuhan City. It exponentially spread globallyand turned out to be an outrageous event for the economyand global health. 1 The major challenge for the health careprofessionals is to cope with mental and physical stresswhile dealing COVID-19 patients in hospitals. 2We would like to highlight the challenges that are faced byour front line workers and how they are trying to cope withthese situations in Pakistan. Safety of health care workersform being infected with the virus and facing aggressivebehavior from attendants of patient simultaneously is oneof the main challenges. Until now, a number of cases havebeen reported on daily basis where doctors and paramedicalstaffs are beaten and injured due to aggressive actions ofattendants. This attitude reflects the inaccessibility of hospitalsand unavailability of appropriate health care services; fromwhich provision of ventilator is the basic requirement forthe severe cases of COVID-19. For this reason doctors’community is in favor of complete lock down to break thechain of transmission and to lessen the burden on healthcare systems. However, for country with poor resources itis very difficult to implement lock down and social distancingdue to socioeconomic challenges.