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Sulphate leaching losses may reduce the long-term possibility of maintaining the S supply of crops in low input farming systems. In order to maintain a sufficient S supply in the future when further reductions in the atmospheric deposition are expected, it is important to reduce leaching losses of sulphate. As leaching primarily occurs during autumn and winter, a plant cover in this period must be expected to affect the quantity of S leached. It has been demonstrated that a catch crop succeeding the main crop can absorb nitrate from the root zone during autumn and winter and thereby reduce nitrate leaching (Thorup-Kristensen and Nielsen 1998). Similar beneficial effects of catch crops on sulphate leaching may be expected. The ability of catch crops (Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum Lam], winter rape [Brassica napus L.] and fodder radish [Raphanus sativus L.]) to reduce soil sulphate concentrations in autumn and make it available to a succeeding crop was investigated in a field experiment on sandy loam soil, as described by Eriksen and Thorup-Kristensen (2002). All catch crops reduced soil sulphate concentrations in the autumn compared to bare soil (Fig. 1). Especially the cruciferous catch crops had the ability to deplete efficiently soil sulphate levels and thus, reduce the sulphate leaching potential. The S uptake in aboveground catch crop was 8, 22 and 36 kg S ha-1 for ryegrass, winter rape and fodder radish, respectively. In the following spring, sulphate levels of the autumn bare soil were low in the top 0.5 m and a peak of sulphate was found at 0.75-1 m depth (Fig. 1). In contrast, where a fodder radish catch crop had been grown, high sulphate levels were present in the top 0.5 m but only small amounts of sulphate were found at 0.5-1.5 m depth. The release of S to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were investigated in pot experiments (setup described by Eriksen et al. 1995) after incorporation of the catch crops Cichorium intybus L., Medicago lupulina L., Anthyllis vulneraria L., Trifolium repens L., Pastinaca sativa L., Sanguisorba minor, Lupinus polyphyllos L., Lolium perenne L. and Raphanus sativus L. The S mineralisation rates were highest for cruciferous crops and lowest for legumes and differences were partly explained by the C/S-ratio (r2=0,49) that varied from 48 to 265 (Fig. 2). In the field, Eriksen and Askegaard (2000) found that sulphate leaching from an organic dairy crop rotation, on sandy soil was 20 kg S ha-1 as average of 4 years or equivalent to 60 % of the total input. Sulphate leaching was very variable and ranged from 4 to 45 kg S ha-1 for the same crop in different years. The catch crops showed a great potential for reducing sulphate leaching. Especially cruciferous crops, having a high S-demand and vigorous root growth efficiently depleted the soil sulphate pool. In a crop rotation, including both low-S-demanding cereals and high-S-demanding main crops a suitable catch crop strategy may prevent excess sulphate from leaching in years with low-S-demanding crops and instead transfer S to the following high-S-demanding crop. This is most important in low input systems, e.g., organic farming, but also of relevance to other farming systems.

Sulfur is taken up by the plant and transported in the cell and around the plant mainly as sulfate. These processes are dependent on the sulfate transporters, and therefore the transporters have a central role in the management of plant sulfur nutrition for optimisation of growth. A large number of plant sulfate transporters have been cloned and comparative sequence analysis indicates that although they are all related, they cluster into a number of discrete sub-types. Within any plant species there appears to be approximately 14 members of this gene family; functional and expression data suggest that there is little redundancy and that each transporter has a specialised role. Furthermore the expression of many of the transporters is regulated by the sulfur-nutritional status of the plant; the regulation serves to optimize acquisition and utilization of sulfate. The mechanisms facilitating this regulation have been subject to intense investigation. One generally accepted model based on metabolite feedback regulation of gene expression is presented and critically evaluated. Genomic approaches focussed on identification of sensing and signal transduction pathways are described; transcriptome analysis of both field and controlled environment grown wheat has enabled the identification of many nutrient-regulated genes, including potential candidates for regulatory components.