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Background: Extracardiac malformations can be seen in 20-45% of infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). Chromosomal abnormalities exist in 5-10% of patients with CHD. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of overt extra cardiac malformations in children with CHD. Methods: This descriptive epidemiologic study was conducted on 720 patients with CHD referred to the pediatric cardiac clinic of the most important south west referral center of Iran in 2014. Data were collected by studying patients' files during this time. Results: Totally, 401(55.7%) and 319 (44.3%) of patients were male and female, respectively. Extracardiac malformations were diagnosed in 53 cases (7.36%) and multiple extracardiac malformations involving more than one anomaly were present in 10 cases (1.38%). The most frequent extracardiac malformations in the current study included skeletal and visceral abnormalities and then genitourinary was seen. Of all patients, 33 (4.58%) cases were affected by syndromic features of which Down syndrome was the most common. Conclusions: Investigation for extra cardiac abnormalities in patients with CHD is very important, since proper diagnosis and early treatment of these abnormalities can improve the patients' outcomes. On the other hand all the patients with overt and syndromic abnormalities require investigation for a possible CHD.

Abstract Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine that may have critical consequences on patient’s quality of life (QOL). Many disease-specific QOL tools have been developed recently. The McMaster Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) is one of them. The aim of this study was to translate into Persian and evaluate the validity and reliability of this version of the McMaster IBDQ. Methods: 68 subjects with ulcerative colitis were recruited in this study. The original IBDQ was translated into Persian using back- translation method. The reliability of the subscales and the summary score of the Persian IBDQ was demonstrated by intraclass correlation coefficients, their validity was evaluated by their correlations with SF-36, visual analogue scale and colitis activity index. Results: All dimensions of IBDQ met the standards of construct validity and were correlated well with SF-36, visual analog scale and colitis activity index. IBDQ was able to discriminate between different groups of patients. The intraclass correlation coefficient was very high and its value was close to one (P

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Fluctuation of IOP in individuals can also be induced by the osmotic variations caused by water ingestion. In fasting, the individual ingests much water and other fluids in dawn and dusk that may lead to increased IOP and optic disorder. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fasting on high fluctuation of IOP and optic disorder in healthy persons.METHODS: This analytical observational study was performed on 35 randomly selected healthy persons (70 eyes) at Shahid Beheshti hospital, Babol, Iran in the months of Ramadan and Zighadeh, 2007. IOP was measured with Goldman applanation tonometer, first in Ramadan month at 3 times: morning, afternoon and after dusk (breaking one’s fast) and then two months later (control month) in the morning and evening and then compared.FINDINGS: Average IOP in Ramadan month in the morning was14.4 mmHg, in the afternoon was 13.6 mmHg, and dusk (after breaking one’s fast) was 13.8 mmHg. Average IOP in control month in the morning was 13.4 mmHg and in the evening was 14 mmHg. There was a significant difference between Ramadan morning and control month morning (p=0.015). There was a significant difference between morning and afternoon of Ramadan (p=0.013). There was no significant difference between afternoon and dusk (after breaking one’s fast) in Ramadan.CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, the rate of IOP between morning and afternoon in Ramadan and between Ramadan morning and control month morning was statistically significant. Since the increasing rate was not clinically valuable so the optic nerve can not be damaged.

Background and Objective: Among all occupation, the highest rate of musculoskeletal injuries especially back pain is seen in nurses. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of back injuries in nursing personnel and to study how individual and occupational characteristics affect it. Methods: Following ethical approval, 1226 nurses were randomly selected from 13 hospitals in Mazandaran province in the north of Iran. Data were gathered by questionnaires included individual and occupational characteristics, prevalence of back pain, probable causes and its effects on nursing activities. Findings: Point, one month, 6 month, one year and lifetime prevalence of LBP (Low back pain) in nurses reported 51.5%, 56.3%, 58.9%, 59.6% and 62%, respectively. Lifting heavy things was the most common cause of back injury (30.4%). Prolonged standing and rest were found to be the significant aggravating and relieving factors, respectively (57.6% and 59.2%). Absence from work because of LBP during the last month was reported 33.7% of the sample. There was a significant correlation between the type of ward and LBP (P

Background and Objective: Regarding prospective effects and cross immunity between some species of parasites, obtained antigens of a parasite can be used to prevent other parasitic diseases and adjuvant of this effect can be increased. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydatid cyst components in prevention of H.Nana in rat. Methods: 40 rats with the same sex and age were selected after gaining confidence in nonexistence of any parasitic disease. They were divided into 2 groups and each group were divided into 4 subgroups. In one group, antigen of fluid, protoscolex, germinal layer were injected respectively and in the other group, these antigenic materials were used with an adjuvant. Control group was considered for both groups. The immunization was performed by multiple injection. One week after injection of antigenic materials, H.Nana eggs were received orally by rats. After observation of H.Nana in stool of rats in control group, blood sample was taken from all rats. Different biochemical tests and immunological and parasitological tests were performed on sera and stool samples, respectively. Findings: Different protein measurements especially gammaglobulin indicated that membrane of hydatid cyst had the strongest antigenic effect in comparison to 2 other parts of cyst and hydatid cyst fluid showed the weakest one. Conclusion: Stool test in control group and exposing egg showed that this group was infected. It was not seen any exposing egg in rats that immunized with different hydatid cyst components. Statistical and biochemical results demonstrated that this effect increased by using adjuvant with different hydatid cyst components and its results showed that immune effect would be increased after injection of adjuvant.

Background and Objective: Mycetoma is a chronic progressive and destructive subcutaneous disease that can involve fascia and bone. More than 20 microbial and fungal agents can cause Mycetoma. Cases: The first case was a 41-year-old man that a swollen and painless lesion was observed in dorsum of his right foot when he was six. After a few months that the lesion got larger and pus to come out of its ducts, operation was done. After 10 years, he had pain and swelling in his foot again because of touching with iron foreign body. Mycetoma of foot was confirmed by radiology and testing that treated with co-trimoxazole and amikacin and a recurrence of the disease was not observed for 1.5 years. The second case was a 38-year-old man who referred with pain and swelling of foot after a hit that with diagnosis of infectious arthritis was treated. After 6 months due to lack of improvement, Mycetoma of foot was confirmed by testing and radiology which treated with co-trimoxazole and the recurrence of the disease was not seen until one year later. Conclusion: Low environmental and public hygiene due to this disorder with long-term morbidity. According to this report, considering health care by individuals and early diagnosis is important.

Background and Objective: Growing national concern about large increase in the number of medical school graduates, specialty choice and availability of the physicians to medical services specially after cultural revolution due to challenges. This study was done to determine the factors influencing the specialty choices of medical graduates. Methods: This study was done on all applicants in specially entrance exam in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences by completing medical school graduation questionnaires. Factors rating also compared in specialty groups and their relationship with demographic variables was surveyed. Findings: Two factors rated as having great influence on specialty choice decision of medical students related to their interest in helping people (Rated 3.07), and scientific content of specialty (Ratted 3). Medical malpractice insurance costs had the influence (Rated 0.98). Most of men aimed towards independence, whereas most of women aimed towards predictable working hours. Opportunity to make changes in people’s life influenced on the specialty choices of usual participants, whereas specific scholarship group paid more attention to independence and exercise of social responsibility. Patients contact factors were less important to graduates opting for support specialties. Also, there was a significant relationship between the participation’s age and four factors. Conclusion: With regard to differences in specialty choices of each sex, it is concluded that the growing proportion of female physicians could change the medical profession structure. In any case, knowing the hierarchy of influences on graduates’ motivations can help education strategists to determine what experiences and perceptions must be changed if a different kind of specialty decision is to result.