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Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technology capable to directly manufacture a prototype alongside with their inserted mathematical model in an additive nature. The emergence of 3D printing has secured a shorter cycle time for designing and developing innovative products. One of the most commonly used additive manufacturing technology is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Its applications have included more load-bearing parts targeted to fit an intended application as per user’s requirement. A certain level of mechanical property information is being demanded as a benchmark to assess the strength of the printed part in the whole. This research work aims to investigate the tensile property of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and to determine optimum printing parameter combinations with the aim of acquiring maximum response using low-cost fused filament printer. Two parameters chosen to be varied in this research are raster angle and infill density, with the value of 20°, 40°, 60° and 20%, 50%, 80% respectively. Tensile specimens with a combination of these two parameters were printed according to ASTM D638 type 1 standard. Three mechanical properties were analysed, namely ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus and yield strength. It was found that the tensile property increases with the infill density. Meanwhile, both high and low raster angle have shown the considerably high mechanical properties. The optimum parameters combination is 40° raster angle, and 80% infill density. Its optimum mechanical property is 32.938 MPa for ultimate tensile strength, 807.489 MPa for elastic modulus and 26.082 MPa for yield strength.

This study discusses the synthesis of magnetic nickel nanowires (NiNWs) via a one-step chemical reduction method is reported. This technique is very straightforward and easy to be conducted by chemical reduction of the NiSO4 solution with hydrazine in a basic solution. The objective of this research is to understand the influence of reaction time on the physical properties of synthesised NiNWs. In this study, the time reaction was varied from 10 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the NiNWs synthesised was polycrystalline with the orientation of crystals with (1 1 1) plane and subsequently with (2 0 0) and (2 2 0) planes. The effect of reaction time on the nanostructure of crystals produced was studied for surface morphology, crystal size and orientation using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Formation of different morphologies was discussed in detail.

This Nanocellulose with water and Ethylene Glycol addition to coolant for car radiator application has benefits of improving efficiency of the radiator. Improved efficiency leads to more compact design of the radiator and increases the durability of the engine. The research is conducted to prove that addition of nanocellulose originating from plant base with varying concentration provides a better heat transfer efficiency compared to usage of distilled water as radiator coolant. The tested concentration of the cellulose nanofluids are as of 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.9%, and1.3%. The experiment is carried out by running the radiator test rig with distilled water as radiator coolant. This is done so that the result obtained through experimental analysis of distilled water is a benchmark for the comparison of heat transfer efficiency. The thermal coefficient test indicates that all the cellulose nanofluid with varying concentration possess better heat conducting properties compared to Ethylene Glycol. Furthermore, this proves that cellulose nanofluids can transfer the absorbed heat from the radiator to the surrounding air much faster compared to conventional Ethylene Glycol. Experimental analysis shows that cellulose nanofluids have higher specific heat capacity compared to distilled water. Thus, cellulose nanofluids can absorb and store more heat compared to distilled water. Heat transfer coefficient result supports that application of cellulose nanofluids as car radiator coolant leads to increase in thermal absorption enhancement. However, as the concentration of cellulose nanofluid increase from 0.1% to 1.3% and so on, the heat transfer coefficient decreases rapidly. This is because formation of sediments of cellulose nanoparticles causes inactive involvement in heat transfer process but the sediments do no clogs in the flat tubes or trigger erosion on the internal wall of car radiator. It can be concluded that application of cellulose nanoparticles integrated with Ethylene Glycol as coolant in car radiator is acceptable and provides better heat transfer efficiency.This Nanocellulose with water and Ethylene Glycol addition to coolant for car radiator application has benefits of improving efficiency of the radiator. Improved efficiency leads to more compact design of the radiator and increases the durability of the engine. The research is conducted to prove that addition of nanocellulose originating from plant base with varying concentration provides a better heat transfer efficiency compared to usage of distilled water as radiator coolant. The tested concentration of the cellulose nanofluids are as of 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.9%, and1.3%. The experiment is carried out by running the radiator test rig with distilled water as radiator coolant. This is done so that the result obtained through experimental analysis of distilled water is a benchmark for the comparison of heat transfer efficiency. The thermal coefficient test indicates that all the cellulose nanofluid with varying concentration possess better heat conducting properties compared to Ethylene Glycol. Furthermore, this ...

Rapid prototyping is highly applied to polymer processing since it exhibits various advantages compared to other conventional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding, blow molding and etc. One of the most common rapid prototyping technique is fused deposition modelling (FDM) which work based on material extrusion mechanism. FDM referred to be the most common in various applications because it doesn’t require complicated steps and very cost saving. Among the bunch of applications of FDM, one of the polymer that has a major association with this technique is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). ABS is a thermoplastic which become liquefied when heating and harden when cooled down. ABS incorporated with FDM in various method to extend its uses into more areas. Thus, the objective of this is to review the FDM process in detail which includes theoretical aspect of FDM, working mechanism of FDM process, printing parameters and applications of FDM. Addition to that, this paper also reviews the theory of ABS, composites of ABS in use and researched before and their preparation techniques for FDM are also included. Characterisation techniques and their respective properties of fused deposition modelled ABS is also part of this review paper.

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) which trending nowadays became a very promising additive manufacturing technique to process polymers. Even though, FDM had achieved a remarkable development, the mechanical strength of its products still in arguable condition. Various researches have been carried out to study the effect of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of FDM parts. This research covers the investigation of the effect of printing parameters on the tensile properties of the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printed parts using FDM technique to identify the optimum printing parameters. Implementation of this research comprises of printing of tensile test specimens using ABS thermoplastic according to ASTM D638-Type 1 standard with combinations of different raster angle and infill percentage. Tensile test is then performed to analyse the mechanical performance of the printed parts. The optimum parameter to print with the combination of ABS and FDM is discovered. The optimum raster angle and infill percentage to print using ABS and FDM are 55° and 80% respectively. The specimen printed with those parameters achieved the highest ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus and yield strength which are 33.78MPa, 25.17MPa and 787.68MPa respectively.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technology capable to directly manufacture 3D physical model alongside with their inserted model in an additive nature, where the materials are fused to form a product, unlike the traditional manufacturing method. One of the most common additive manufacturing technology is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). FDM has been used widely for concept modelling and visualisation, fit, form, and functional analysis and rapid manufacturing. This review provides a brief discussion about how additive manufacturing works, the stages involved, beginning from the designing stage until the formation of the final product together with its strength and limitation as a rapid prototyping technique. Fundamental aspects of FDM such as working mechanism and processing parameters are presented to give an overview for the potential readers. This study emphasises the progress of pure Polylactic Acid (PLA) utilising FDM and looks at the opportunity it offers as an advanced material when integrated with filler compounds forming potential composites. A summary of the recent developments of PLA composites have been included, also elaborating the preparation technique and the relevance of the composite developed. Mechanical properties of pure PLA have been characterised in table form highlighting the processing parameter used, types of mechanical tests done and the resulting values from those conducted experiments for comparison purpose. This information will serve as a benchmark for the beginners regarding the progress of PLA as one of the most commonly used material in FDM.

Nanotechnology, the framework of the next industrial revolution has changed our vision, expectations and abilities to control the material world. The furtherance of Nanoengineering and Nanoscience lately has attracted the researchers to focus their attention on magnetic nanowires, such as Ferum, Cobalt, and Nickel. The distinctive characteristics of magnetic nanowires such as good conductivity, optical transparency, electrical and chemical inertness as compared to bulk materials have opened avenues for the evolution of novel devices like acoustic sensors, biomedicines, ultrahigh density data storage devices and recording media. To achieve this, nanomagnetic materials should be tailored to match the requirements for each kind of application. Among the variety of manufacturing processes that exist, electrodeposition is the most promising alternative method for enabling passage from laboratory to industry and is currently one of the most active lines of work in nanoscience. Within this framework, this paper summarises the latest researches and progress of Cobalt nanowire technologies and their applications in diversified industries, different synthesis conditions, methodologies and various characterisation techniques used to study and characterise the Cobalt nanowires produced to understand its attributes and behaviours.