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The article discusses the vulnerability of women in India to indoor air pollution caused by the burning of solid fuels such as coal and biomass. The authors discuss the relationship between women's participation in housework and their vulnerability to indoor air pollution, and risk factors are discussed in terms of the physical conditions of a house, cooking practices, and exposure to smoke and heat. Causes of the increased vulnerability of women from lower income groups are highlighted, including discussions of the economic and social roles of women in India and health care availability.