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Background: Disease reactivation/refractory remains a major challenge in managing Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Outcomes and late sequelae should be explored., Methods: A multi-institutional retrospective study was conducted to describe clinical characteristics, predictive factors, outcomes and late sequelae of pediatric reactivation/refractory LCH in Thailand., Results: In all, 47 patients were studied, 25 (53.2%) patients had disease reactivation and 22 (46.8%) patients had refractory LCH. The median reactivation and refractory time were 1.59 and 0.33 years from diagnosis, respectively (p <0.001). The most common site of reactivation/refractory was the bone (n = 26, 55%), and 20 (42.6%) patients developed late sequelae. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 76.1%. Patients with reactivation and refractory LCH performed similarly in 5-year OS (88% vs. 63%, p = 0.055). Prognostic factors associated with mortality were liver, spleen, hematopoietic system and lung reactivation (p <0.05). Lung reactivation was the only independent risk factor associated with the survival outcome (p = 0.002)., Conclusions: The outcomes of pediatric patients between reactivation and refractory LCH in Thailand were similarly desirable and mortality was minimal although late sequelae may evolve. Pulmonary reactivation/refractory was an independent risk factor associated with survival.

Background: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is the most common complication in pediatric oncology patients. Appropriate empirical antibiotics treatment is essential for treatment outcome. Methods: This study was a randomized prospective controlled study to demonstrate the efficacy of piperacillin/tazobactam (PIP/TZO) monotherapy compared with ceftazidime/amikacin in children with FN. Pediatric oncology patients at Chiang Mai University Hospital, diagnosed with FN, were randomized to receive either PIP/TZO 320 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours or ceftazidime 100 mg/kg/ day divided every 8 hours plus amikacin 15 mg/kg/day once daily. Treatment responses were compared between the two groups. Results: One-hundred and eighteen febrile neutropenic episodes in 70 patients (42 males and 28 females) were enrolled. The median age was 7 (3-10) years. The early response and complete response to initial treatment were achieved in 48/59 (81.4%) episodes and 41/59 (69.5%) episodes in PIP/TZO group compared with 40/59 (67.8%) episodes and 33/59 (55.9%) episodes in ceftazidime/amikacin group (p-value 0.091 and 0.128, respectively). Treatment modification in PIP/TZO group was required in 18/59 (30.5%) compared with 26/59 (44.1%) patients in ceftazidime/amikacin group (p-value 0.128). Similarly, the duration of fever, duration of neutropenia and duration of antibiotics treatment were not significantly different between two groups. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusion: The treatment responses of PIP/TZO monotherapy and ceftazidime/amikacin therapy were not significantly different. Both therapies were effective for FN in pediatric oncology patients.