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Mechano-acoustical measurement and modelling have evolved together. Most early measurements of the behaviour of the outer and middle ear produced either spatial averages or single-point observations, which were amenable to modelling with uniform transmission lines and lumped circuits. A major step forward was the measurement of displacement patterns on the eardrum, which called for the use of finite-element models. Other major experimental steps forward included measuring spatial sound-pressure distributions, 3-D displacement patterns and intracochlear pressures. Use of the finite-element method made it desirable to obtain detailed 3-D shape measurements, which were made much easier by the introduction of magnetic-resonance microscopy and X-ray microCT. The finite-element method has also made it possible to exploit measurements of material properties, and several different approaches have been used recently for making such measurements. The greatest challenges may be in dealing with very small dimensions and non-linear visco-elastic behaviour. There is a need for more and better 3-D multipoint vibration measurements, and for material-property measurements that are more localized and that span a broader frequency range. Important directions for modelling include better use of available shape and material-property data, more attention to experimental animals and to variability, and better integration with cochlear models.Mechano-acoustical measurement and modelling have evolved together. Most early measurements of the behaviour of the outer and middle ear produced either spatial averages or single-point observations, which were amenable to modelling with uniform transmission lines and lumped circuits. A major step forward was the measurement of displacement patterns on the eardrum, which called for the use of finite-element models. Other major experimental steps forward included measuring spatial sound-pressure distributions, 3-D displacement patterns and intracochlear pressures. Use of the finite-element method made it desirable to obtain detailed 3-D shape measurements, which were made much easier by the introduction of magnetic-resonance microscopy and X-ray microCT. The finite-element method has also made it possible to exploit measurements of material properties, and several different approaches have been used recently for making such measurements. The greatest challenges may be in dealing with very small dimensio...