Search

Chlamydia abortus is a causative agent of Ovine Chlamydiosis or Ovine Enzootic Abortion (OEA) or Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE) and can be transmitted to humans, especially pregnant women during the lambing or kidding season from sheep, and goats, from infected flocks. The objective of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of chlamydial abortus infections in small ruminants. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2001 to 2022. The retrieved studies were screened for eligibility and important data were extracted from the included studies. The quality of each included study was evaluated. Of 153 studies, 33 (with a total of 45453 samples) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of chlamydial infections in small ruminants was 13.4%. Among continents, the average prevalence of chlamydial abortus infections was highest in Asia (48.5%) and lowest in North America (3.0%) This systematic review emphasizes the global paucity of data on the prevalence of Chlamydia infection in sheep and goats. Despite this, studies show a rather high frequency of C. abortus infection in small ruminants. This geographical variance emphasizes the necessity of a regional strategy to chlamydia infection prevention and management in small ruminants, taking into account regional differences and risk factors to avoid its spread and limit the hazards associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peritoneopericardial is an uncommon congenital malformation in dogs and cats, characterized by anomalous communication between the diaphragm and the pericardial sac, causing the translocation of the abdominal viscera to the inside of the pericardial sac. Its prognosis is favorable and the most indicated treatment is the surgical. This paper aims at describing the diagnosis and treatment process in a dog with PPDH. This paper shows a 2-years-old male Shih Tzu diagnosed with compensated peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH). A reduction of the herniated content, composed of liver, spleen, intestinal loops and omentum, in addition to simultaneous reconstruction of the diaphragm and pericardium with resolution of the congenital anomaly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes play a vital role in the immune response of vertebrates by encoding molecules involved in self and non-self-discrimination (spelling) and antigen presentation. This study focuses on the MHC II DRB3 gene in goats, specifically comparing its nucleotide and amino acid sequences with those of other ruminant species (Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Bos taurus, B. grunniens, and Bubalus bubalis). Four different goat breeds (Philippine Native, Upgraded (Philippine Native x Exotic), Anglo-Nubian, and Saanen) were analyzed, and their MHC II DRB3 sequences were aligned with sequences from the NCBI GenBank. The nucleotide sequences exhibited high similarity between the different goat breeds and other ruminant species, indicating a conserved structure across mammalian species. Results from sequence comparisons revealed varying degrees of similarity between goat MHC II DRB3 sequences from C. hircus, O. aries, B. taurus, B. grunniens, and Bu. bubalis. Phylogenetic analysis further supported the close (95-99%) relationship between goats and other ruminants. Different functional domain regions in the MHC II DRB3 gene across different breeds of goats and other ruminants were characterized using SMART online tool. Moreover, polymorphism analysis using the HaeIII restriction enzyme highlighted genetic variability within the MHC II DRB3 gene in goats. This study enhances our understanding of the goat MHC II DRB3 gene, its similarities to other ruminant species, and its potential role in immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to June 2022 in the Babile, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia, to isolate Staphylococcus aureus in Camel milk and determine its susceptibility to different market-available antimicrobials. From a total of 223 samples examined, 18.4% (41) were positive for S. aureus. There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001) in the isolation of S. aureus from milk udders at the producer and milk from containers at collectors and retailers. The isolates were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by gentamycin (92.7%), erythromycin (92.7%), kanamycin (90.2%), cefoxitin (68.3%), amikacin (65.9%). However, they were highly resistant to penicillin G (100%) followed by Ampicillin (85%), tetracycline (68.3%) Streptomycin (51.2%), and oxacillin (51.2%). An attempt was made to determine the milk handling practices and consumption behavior of actors in milk handling and value chain production by using a field survey that included milk producers, sellers, and consumers. It revealed poor milk handling practices, raw camel milk consumption, and inadequate knowledge of milk-borne diseases. In general, the study has revealed a high possibility of public health risk posed by S. aureus in the Eastern Hararghe Zone. Public awareness about good milk handling practices, pasteurization or boiling milk before consumption, rational use of drugs, and periodic assessment of the antimicrobial sensitivity of drugs before use are strongly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several smallholder pig farms exist in Brazil in parallel with industrial pig farming, which is carried out on large-scale farms. This study aimed to describe the smallholder pig production systems in the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba. For this, a questionnaire was applied in loco by interviewing 362 farmers. The labor force was exclusively family-oriented (93.4%), 50% of the farms had between 1.1 and 10 acres, 98.3% raised other animal species (i.e., poultry), and in 80.9% of the properties they cultivated mainly corn. Farrow-to-finish operations were developed in 57.2% of the farms, the swine were kept in a confined system in 62.5%, and the swine were kept outdoors in 20.7%. Of the farrow-to-finish operations, 40.1% had between 11 and 20 pigs, while in the fattening farms, 88.4% had up to 5 pigs. Most of the visited properties (79.6%) had pigs with undefined breeds. In terms of feeding practices, corn, and locally available vegetables were the most commonly used. In addition, 38.1% of farmers used commercial concentrate, usually with other feed. Reproduction was exclusively by natural mating, and the most frequently weaning age (46.9%) was two months. All the interviewees raised swine primarily for their consumption, with 78.7% also selling the animals. In the studied region, farmers obtained their family income by combining farming with other activities and stated that pig production contributed little to this income, and was developed mainly as a family tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Food is one of the most prevalent ways that humans are exposed to metals. Heavy metals including cadmium, iron, zinc, lead, and mercury are harmful to humans and have a detrimental impact on health because they accumulate in biological organs. The concentration levels of these heavy metals were tested in different edible parts of the country (locally raised) chicken from various districts in Karnataka, India, namely Bengaluru, Tumakuru, Mangaluru, and Udupi, using an Atomic-Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Heavy metal concentrations in various chicken parts were found to be below detectable limits (BDL)-0.0062, 0.027-3.178, and 0.262-2.103 ppm for Cd, Fe, and Zn, respectively, whereas Hg and Pb were BDL. The content of Zn was found to be significantly higher in all chicken samples from all examined districts, followed by Fe and Cd. Hg and Pb concentrations, on the other hand, were below the detection level in all samples. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of the observed metals from country chicken consumption were found to be lower than their respective FAO/WHO reference oral doses (RfD). The noncarcinogenic health hazards posed by the tested metals to the target population were estimated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values. The HQ and HI values observed in this estimation were less than one, indicating that exposure to these heavy metals through the consumption of country chicken is unlikely to provide possible health concerns to the examined region's human population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is a central characteristic of the Mammalia class of animals. This study describes the properties of milk of various domestic dairy mammals (cow, buffalo-cow, doe, ewe, and camel cow). Its physical and chemical components, therapeutic benefits, allergenicity, and safety have all been examined in detail. Cow's milk remains the most globally produced type, accounting for over 80% of total milk production. Milk from ewes and cows has lower cholesterol content (8 mg/100 g) compared to milk from cows and does (10 mg/100 g). Additionally, ewe and cow's milk have higher lactose levels (4.86% and 5%) than cow and doe milk (4.76% and 4.20%). Doe milk is known for its higher fat content, typically ranging from 3.4% to 4.2%. On the other hand, camel milk contains significant antioxidants that can protect human cells from oxidative damage. The ingestion of milk from cows or buffalos-cow milk may induce minor allergic reactions; however, milk can also ease some allergy problems. Ewe milk can benefit those with eczema and asthma. This study highlights the viability of different milk types, including the emergence of plant-based and cellular milk options and other commercially available milk alternatives. The dairy industry and related fields can benefit from understanding the distinctive qualities of milk from various species in a variety of scientific and real-world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peripheral neuropathies are one of the major causes of motor and sensory disability. The multitude of nerve injuries and associated comorbidities provides a strong impetus to find a drug that potentiate or accelerate axonal regeneration. Systemic drug delivery has been a promising strategy in this regard. This study aimed to evaluate dexamethasone and erythropoietin effects on sciatic nerve regeneration. Twentythree mice were randomly assigned to sham, control, dexamethasone, erythropoietin, and dexamethasone + erythropoietin groups. The left sciatic nerve was crushed using mosquito hemostatic forceps. Medications were administered once daily for 28 days. The sham group received neither crush injury nor medication. Histopathologic and walking track analyses were performed. Medical therapy influence on functional recovery was observed in as soon as 14 days. Although functional recovery was superior in the dexamethasone + erythropoietin group, a complete return to nearnormal function was seen after 28 days in all of the groups. Dexamethasone yielded superior SFI values compared to the erythropoietin on day 14, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.534). Histopathologically, recovery of average axonal number up to 75% normal nerve and significant decline of axonal swelling was observed in the erythropoietin and dexamethasone + erythropoietin groups, which were statistically significant compared to the dexamethasone group (p = 0.008). Marked immunoreactivity to Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was present in the dexamethasone group. Furthermore, immunoreactivity to S-100 protein was observed in regenerated nerves in all groups. Present data provide insights into the neurotrophic effects of dexamethasone and erythropoietin on sciatic crush; however, further investigation is required to justify the clinical application of these agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify behavioral changes or welfare impairments in cats in response to home isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, as well as the emotional role these animals may play with their tutors. Online questionnaires were answered by 419 cat's tutors in Brazil, who reported changes in the household routine because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The questions addressed information about the cat in the household, the tutor-cat relationship, the cat behavior, the house environment, and the changes occurred in the face of social isolation. It was evident that changes in people's routines were frequent and staying longer at home was the change most reported by the participants. Thus, cats were left alone for less time compared to the period before the quarantine. This led to an increase in the amount of time that tutors spent playing or paying attention to their cats. The quarantine period generated minimal undesirable behavioral changes in the cats, and the fact that the tutors stayed home longer contributed to reducing these changes. The fact that a cat could become infected by the new corona virus SARS-CoV-2 was known by less than half of the interviewees, which did not influence any tutor to think of getting rid of their cat. We highlight that the fact that the tutors stayed longer at home, interacting with their cat, contributed to reduce the undesirable behavioral changes in the cats. This also improved the tutors' perception of the cats' needs and behaviors, also reflecting on a greater perception of happiness in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenteric torsion is a rare disease in dogs whereas it is more common to affect large animals. The main clinical signs observed are acute, such as prostration and abdominal distension which evolve to a state of shock and death. This paper reports the mesenteric torsion in a dog that was presented to veterinary care with generalized acute abdominal pain of sudden onset. At the physical examination, signs of acute abdomen, rectal temperature of 35ºC, moderate dehydration, congested mucous membrane, and prostration were detected. Emergency therapy was instituted and radiographic and ultrasound examinations were requested. The radiography showed increase in the bowel diameter and an image suggestive of intussusception. The patient was referred to emergency exploratory laparotomy and obtained a definite diagnosis of ileocolic intussusception associated to mesenteric torsion. Due to the extent of intestinal dysfunction, the patient was euthanized on the operating table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The involvement of mast cell tumor on the tongue is a rare occurrence. This paper aims to report the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of mast cell tumor in the tongue of a dog breed doberman with 10 years of age. Incisional biopsy was performed, which served for histopathological confirmation of poorly differentiated mast cell tumor. Lomustine Chemotherapy associating with prednisolone before and after surgery allowed tumor resection margin was considered adequate and effective in a case of mast cell tumor in the tongue of a dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Science is the property of Archives of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)