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Acetone extract of Sideritis trojana and ent-kaurene diterpenoids 7-epicandicandiol, and 18-acetylsideroxol showed toxicity against Acanthoscelides obtectus and Sitophilus granarius while 7-epicandicandiol diacetate showed toxicity against Ephestia kuehniella. The P-values' tests were carried in order to show statistical significance of dose and time against insects. Insecticidal activity increased with amount of doses for A. obtectus, however it did not increase with time. The similar results were observed for Sitophilus granarius while the mortality percentages of E. kuehniella increased with both amount of doses and time, however, after 96th hour, toxicity of compounds almost did not change oil the latter insect. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The composition of the water-distilled essential oils of the berries and leaves of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The main components in the berries of J. excelsa, accounting for 56.1% of the oil, were determined as alpha-pinene (34.0%), cedrol (12.3%), L-verbenol (5.4%), and D-verbenol (4.4%) while in the leaves of J. excelsa, accounting for 63.2% of the oil, were found to be alpha-pinen (29.7%), cedrol (25.3%), alpha-muurolene (4.4%), and 3-carene (3.8%). Cytotoxic and antimicrobial potential of the berries and leaves of J. excelsa were investigated.

Sideroxol (1), a kaurane diterpene which has the ent-7 alpha,18-dihydroxy-15 beta,16 beta-epoxykaurane structure (MW = 320.47, C20H32O3) was obtained from the acetone extract of Sideritis leptoclada plant as well as from some other Sideritis species. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1), 2(1), 2(1) with a = 10.967(3), b = 24.555(5), c = 6.372(4) angstrom, Dc = 1.240 g cm(-3), Z = 4, and refines to R = 0.065 for 721 independent reflections. The skeleton consists of three fused six-membered rings and a five-membered ring with fused epoxide. The six membered rings exhibited slightly distorted chair conformation. In addition to sideroxol, two kaurane and five kaurene diterpenes were isolated from the hexane and acetone extracts of the studied plant.

Salvia ceratophylla L. has yielded four known and two now diterpenoids together with two triterpenic acids, a steroid and a flavone. The structures of the compounds were established by spectroscopic analyses. One of the known compounds candidissiol exhibited a high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus mirabilis.

From the roots of Ruinex crispus, two known anthraquinones and a new one together with a new anthrone were isolated and the structures of compounds 1-4 were elucidated by spectroscopic means. The singlet oxygen generation capacity was tested with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) for compounds 1-4.

From the roots of Salvia eriophora (Lamiaceae), a new compound, 4,14-dhydroxysaprorthoquinone, was isolated in addition to ten known diterpenoids. The structure of the new compound was established by spectroscopic analysis. The crude extract of the plant and the isolated diterpenoids were tested for their cardiovascular activities using Wistar Albino rats. Activity was demonstrated in the crude extract and in 4,14-dihydroxysaprorthoquinone, aethiopinone, ferruginol, 4,12-dihydroxysapriparaquinone, and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone.

From the roots of Saliva caespitosa Montbret and Aucher ex. Bentham a new diterpene 6beta-hydroxyisopimaric acid (1) has been isolated together with four known diterpenes, one new triterpenoid, 3-acetylvergatic acid (2), as well as five known triterpenoids, two steroids and a flavone. The structures of the compounds were established by spectroscopic analyses. The isolated compounds were tested against standard bacterial strains. Only the new diterpene, 6beta-hydroxyisopimaric acid has strong activity (MIC 9 mug/ml) against S. aureus and (MIC 18 mug/ml) against S. epidermidis as well as against B. subtilis (MIC 9 mug/ml).

The acetone extract of Nepeta caesarea yielded four new nepetalic acid derivatives, 3'alpha-[beta-sitosteryl-3 beta-oxy]dihydronepetalactone (1), 3'beta-[5 alpha-stigmast-7-ene-3 beta-oxy]dihydronepetalactone (2), 3'alpha-[olean-12-ene-28-oyl-3 beta-oxy]dihydronepetalactone (3), and 3'alpha-[lup-20(29)-ene-28-ol-3 beta-oxy]dihydronepetalactone (4). The structures were elucidated by NMR and MS techniques.

A new norditerpenoid and six new triterpenoids were isolated from the roots of Salvia kronenburgii The new diterpenoid was kronenquinone (1). The new triterpenoids were 1 beta,2 alpha,3 beta,11 alpha-tetrahydroxy-olean-12-ene (2), 1 beta,2 alpha,3 beta,11 alpha-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-ene (3), 2 alpha-acetoxy-urs-5,12-diene-3 beta,11 alpha-diol (4), 3 alpha-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-1 beta,11 alpha-diol (5), 1 beta,3 alpha,11 alpha-trihydroxy-urs-12-ene (6), 2 alpha,3 beta,11 alpha-trihydroxy-urs-12-ene (7), and the known triterpenes 3 beta-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-1 beta,2 alpha,11 alpha-triol (8) and 3 beta-acetoxyolean-12-ene-1 beta,2 alpha,11 alpha-triol (9). Structures were determined by NMR and MS techniques.

The title compound C20H24O4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2, with a = 10,245(3), b = 17.103(3), c = 9.879(3) Angstrom, D-c = 1.260 g cm(-3), and Z = 4. Nepetanudone is postulated to be formed by a [4 + 4] cycloaddition of two 5,9-dehydronepetalactone moieties to give an asymmetric dimer in which each pair of atoms is magnetically nonequivalent. The compound was recovered from extracts of Nepeta nuda ssp. albiflora.

Two new diterpenoids, 3-oxo-12-methoxy-14-hydroxyabieta-8, 11,13-triene and 6-oxo-12-peroxyabieta-8,11,13-triene, a new steroid brassicasterone and a new aromatic ester 4,4'-bisbenzoic acid heptyl ester were obtained from the roots of Salvia multicaulis. In addition six known triterpenoids, six diterpenoids and sitosterol were identified. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Three new eudesmanolides, 1 beta-hydroxy-11 alpha,13-dihydroalantolactone, 1 alpha-hydroxy-11 alpha,13-dihydroalantolactone and 1 beta,4 alpha-dihydroxy-11 alpha,13-dihydroalantolactone, along with the known compounds sclareol, 7,11,15-trimethyl-3-methylenehexadecan-1,2-diol, beta-sitositerol, stigmasterol and stigmasterol 3 beta-D-glucoside have been isolated from the whole plant extract of Inula thapsoides. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

The following compounds have been identified in the aerial parts of Salvia cyanescens: a new diterpenoid 12-isopentenyl-3-oxosalvipisone, two sesquiterpenes caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, five diterpenes diterpenes manoyl oxide, 11 beta-hydroxymanoyl oxide, ferruginol, aethiopinone and salvipisone, three triterpenes alpha-amyrin, alpha-amyrin 3-acetate and lupeol 3-acetate as well as sitosterol and four flavonoids salvigenin, 6-hydroxyapigenin-7,4'-dimethyl ether, 6-hydroxykaempferol-3,6-dimethyl ether and kaempferol-3,7-dimethyl ether. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

A new sterodial compound 1-oxo-7 alpha-hydroxysitosterol was isolated from the whole plant of Salvia glutinosa in addition to 11 known triterpenoids and three steroids. The structures were established by spectral data. Cytotoxic activity of the new compound and 7 alpha-hydroxysitosterol were tested against P-388 and KB systems; only marginal activity was found. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

From the roots of Salvia candidissima Vahl subsp. candidissima, in addition to diterpenoids, two new diterpenes, a new steroidal ester and alpha-amyrin acetate were isolated. The structures were established by spectral data and by some chemical reactions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Two new rearranged neo-clerodane diterpenoids, alysines D (1) and E (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium alyssifolium. Their structures were established by spectral methods including 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

From the roots of Salvia forskahlei a new diterpenoid, forskalinone, two new aromatic compounds, the octanol esters of cis- and trans-4-O-methyl-caffeic acid dimers, were isolated together with the known compounds stigmast-3-one, sitosterol and alpha-amyrin. The structures of the new and the known compounds were established by spectral data. The antimicrobial activity of forskalinone and the dimeric cinnamic acid esters was tested against standard bacterial strains and a yeast, namely Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus 6538P, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 14153, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Klebsiella pneumonia ATC 4352, Pseudomonus aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, beta-haemolytic Streptococcus and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Forskalinone showed moderate resistance against S. epidermidis (670 mu g ml(-1)) and slight activity against E. faecalis (168 mu g ml(-1)). trans-4-O-Methyl-caffeic acid dimer octanol ester was inactive while the cis isomer showed a slight activity against C. albicans (156 mu g ml(-1)).

The aerial parts of Salvia yosgadensis afforded five new terpenes with unusual skeletons, together with two known norditerpenes, ambreinolide and norambreinolide. The new compounds were elucidated as 6 alpha-hydroxyambreinolide, 6 alpha-hydroxynorambreinolide, 6 alpha-hydroxy-8 alpha-acetoxy-13,14,15,16-tetranorlabdan-12-oic acid, and two 19,20-dinorsesterterpenes, named as yosgadensonol and 13-epi-yosgadensonol. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic means, particularly by extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies.

From the aerial parts of Teucrium alyssifolium in addition to previously obtained neo-clerodane diterpenoids, a new flavanone alysifolinone and three flavones cirsiliol, cirsilineol and luteolin-6, 7, 3', 4'-tetramethyl ether, were isolated. The structure of the compounds was established by spectral data, and by TLC comparison for the known compounds.

From the aerial parts of Salvia yosgadensis we have obtained two new sesterterpenes, yosgadensolide A (6 alpha,14-dihydroxymanoyloxide-15,17-dien-16,19-olide) and yosgadensolide B (6 alpha,16-dihydroxymanoyloxide-14,17-dien-16,19-olide) and their epimers. In addition, a known sesquiterpene, three known sesquiterpene lactones, eight known flavonoids and two known aromatics were isolated.

From the aerial parts of Salvia limbata, two new diterpenes (limbinal and acetyllimbinol) and two new dinorsesterterpenes (6-dehydroxy-yosgadensonol and 6-dehydroxy-13-epi-yosgadensonol) were isolated in addition to eight known terpenoids and four flavonoids. The structures of the new and the known compounds were established by spectral data. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

From the aerial parts of Teucrium sandrasicum, three new C-10 oxygenated neo-clerodane diterpenes were isolated. The structures of the compounds were established by spectral data including spin decoupling, H-1-H-1 COSY, HETCOR, COLOC and NOESY experiments.

Four new diterpenoids alysine A, alysine B, 3-deacetylalysine B and alysine C with a novel rearranged neo-clerodane skeleton were isolated from Teucrim alyssifolium. The relative structures were determined by X-ray analysis and other spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (APT, SINEPT, HETCOR and HMBC).

From the aerial parts of Salvia candidissima, a new diterpene, 3-oxosalvipisone, was obtained together with 11 beta-hydroxymanoyl oxide, 8,13-diepimanoyl oxide, spathulenol, salvigenin, crysoeriol, diosmetin and o,p-dimethoxybenzoic acid. The structure of the new compound, 3-oxosalvipisone was established by spectroscopic means, and the structure of 11 beta-hydroxymanoyl oxide was reinvestigated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies and confirmed by X-ray analysis.

The whole plant extract of Inula thapsoides afforded seven new structurally related guaianolides. The structures and stereochemistry were determined by spectroscopic methods, particularly one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, and extensive NOE experiments.

From the acetone extract of the roots of Salvia napifolia, eight known diterpenoids-horminone, 7-acetyl-horminone, ferruginol, pachystazone, cryptanol, cryptojaponol, sugiol and microstegiol-and five new diterpenes-6,1 2, 14-trihydroxyabieta-6,8, 11,12-tetraen, 7,20-epoxyroyleanone, 1-oxoferruginol, 6-oxoferruginol and 1 1,12-dioxoabieta-8,13-dien- were obtained. The structures of the new and the known compounds were established by spectral methods.

From the roots of Salvia heldrichiana, one new and five known diterpenes were isolated, together with a large amount of salvigenine and a new aromatic compound di(4,4'-hexyloxycarbonylphenyl) ether. The structures of the new and the known compounds were established by spectral data.

From the aerial parts of Salvia montbretii, in addition to the known compounds, two new triterpenoids were isolated. The structures of the new compounds were established as 3 beta-O-cis-p-coumaroylmonogynol A and 3 beta-O-trans-p-coumaroylmonogynol A by NMR and mass spectroscopy. The structure of monogynol A was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.

The aerial parts of Centaurea hermannii, an endemic plant of Turkey, yielded three new highly oxygenated guaianolides, 15-deschloro-15-hydroperoxychlorojanerin 15-deschloro-15-hydroperoxychlorohyssopi B and 15-deschloro-3 beta-acetoxy-15-hydroxy-chlorojanerin in addition to four known guaianolides, cynaropicrin, janerin, 19-desoxy-chlorojanerin and 15-deschloro-15-acetoxychlorojanerin, and sitosteryl 3 beta-D-glucoside, beta-sitosterol and alpha-amyrin. The structures were elucidated by high field NMR techniques and chemical transformations.

In addition to known compounds, a new diterpenoid, nemorosin and a new triterpenoid, salvinemorol were isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia nemorosa L. The structures of the known and new compounds were established by spectral data.

From the whole plant of Centaurea glastifolia, three new guaianolides, 19-desoxypicrolide A, 15-deschloro-15-hydroxyepisolstiolide and epicebellin J, and nine known guaianolides, cebellin J, episolstiolide, 19-desoxy-15-chlorojanerin, 15-deschloro-15-hydroperoxychlorojanerin, 17,18-desoxyrepin, centaurepensin, epicentaurepensin, repdiolide triol and aguerin B were obtained. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods.

In addition to known compounds, 24 alpha-ethylcholesta-5,25-dien-3 beta-ol, sitosterol, alpha-amyrin, ursolic acid, apigenin, naringenin, pectolinarlgenin and circiliol, two new steroidal compounds, 3 beta-hydroxystigmast-24(24(1)),25-dien-24(2)-al and 3 beta-hydroxy-24 alpha-ethylcholesta-5,25-dien-7-one were isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys.

In addition to known diterpenoids, three new rearranged abietane diterpenes, 17(15-->16)-abeo-abietane derivatives villosin A, B and C were isolated from the whole plant Teucrium divaricatum subsp. villosum together with two new ferulic acid esters.

Two new diterpenoids, pomiferin F and G and a new triterpenoid, 23-hydroxygermanicone and three known triterpenoids were obtained in addition to previously isolated compounds from the same extract of Salvia pomifera.

A further study on the aerial parts of Inula graveolens afforded a new eudesmanolide, 11,13-dihydroivalin and four known sesquiterpene lactones, ivalin, inuviscolide, 8-epi-inuviscolide, 8-epi-xanthatin-1beta,5beta-epoxide, in addition to the previously isolated compounds. The structures were established by spectral methods and the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antibacterial activity.

In addition to two diterpenoids, 11-hydroxy-12-methoxyabieta-8,11,13-trien and 1-oxosalvipisone, nine known compounds, 14-oxopimaric acid, ferruginol, horminone, 7-acetylhorminone, cryptanol, montbretyl 12-methyl ether, microstegiol, 1-oxoaethiopinone and salvipisone were isolated from the roots of Salvia candidissima.

Five known compounds, ferruginol, ferruginyl 12-methyl ether, taxodione, hypargenin F, and demethylcryptojaponol, and three new abietane-type diterpenoids, montbretol (6,12-dihydroxyabieta-5,8,11,13-tetraen-7-one) [1], montbretyl 12-methyl ether (6-hydroxy-12-methoxyabieta-5,8,11,13-tetraen-7-one) [2], and 14-hydroxy-ferruginol [3], were isolated from the roots of Salvia montbretii. Structures were established by ir, uv, ms, and nmr spectral data.

The aerial parts of Inula graveolens afforded a new eudesmanolide, 3-alpha-hydroxy-eudesm-4-en-12,6-beta-olide in addition to known compounds, the guaianolide, 4-alpha,5-alpha-epoxyinuviscolide; the xanthanolides, tomentosin and 4H-tomentosin; the carabrones, carabrone and 4H-carabrone; the sesquiterpene acids, costic acid, 2-alpha-hydroxycostic acid, 3-alpha-hydroxycostic acid, 1-beta-hydroxycostic acid, isocostic acid and ilicic acid; the flavonone, sakuranetin; the dihydroflavonols, aromadendrin, 7-O-methylaromadendrin, 3-O-acetyl-7-O-methylaromadendrin, 3-O-acetyltaxifolin, padmatin, 3-O-acetylpadmatin, 3-epi-padmatin and 3-epi-acetyl-7-O-methylaromadendrin; the flavones, scutellarein-6-methylether, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-methyl ether, 6-hydroxykaempferol-3,6-dimethylether and the aromatics, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethylstearate.

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Microstegiol, a diterpene with a new carbon skeleton, was isolated from Salvia microstegia. Determination of the carbon framework and substitution pattern of the isolate was made by series of selective INEPT, COSY and NOE experiments, which also permitted the unambiguous assignment of the C-13 NMR spectrum.

Three new diterpenoids, 6-oxoroyleanone-18-oic acid [1], 6-oxo-12-methylroyleanone-18-oic acid [2), and horminone-18-oic acid [3], and a new linear sesquiterpene, salvinine [4], together with a group of known aromatic acids, were isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia divaricata.

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From the aerial parts of Salvia wiedemannii, a new diterpene, 14-oxo-pimaric acid, a known diterpene, pisiferal, and a known flavone, salvigenin, were isolated in addition to the previously isolated wiedemannic acid, 3-oxo-abieta-8,11,13-triene, cryptanol, horminone, 7-acetylhorminone, ferruginol, 12-methoxypisiferic acid, isopimaric acid and 7-beta-hydroxysandaracopimaric acid.

Four abietane diterpenoids were isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia microstegia. Two, ferruginol and pisiferal, are known compounds. The other two, 10-acetylferruginol and 5,11,12-trihydroxy-abieta-8,11,13-triene, are new compounds.

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