1. The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake.
- Author
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Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Higgins KA, Jacobs AG, McArthur BM, Redan BW, Rivera RL, Schmidt LR, and Mattes RD
- Subjects
- Animals, Biomedical Research methods, Biomedical Research trends, Brain cytology, Brain metabolism, Dietary Carbohydrates administration & dosage, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Energy Metabolism, Enteroendocrine Cells cytology, Enteroendocrine Cells metabolism, Gastrointestinal Tract cytology, Gastrointestinal Tract innervation, Gastrointestinal Tract metabolism, Humans, Neuroendocrine Cells cytology, Neuroendocrine Cells metabolism, Neurons cytology, Neurons metabolism, Nutritional Sciences methods, Nutritional Sciences trends, Appetite Regulation, Diet, Healthy, Dietary Carbohydrates metabolism, Dietary Fats metabolism, Dietary Proteins metabolism, Energy Intake, Evidence-Based Medicine
- Abstract
Each of the macronutrients-carbohydrate, protein, and fat-has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
- Published
- 2016
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