The Umayyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula is an event fundamental to understanding the history of Islam and southern Europe. Despite its historical significance and the controversies that its interpretation has generated, archaeology has contributed little to its elucidation. A review of the material testimony associated with this event from a critical perspective attentive to the novelties that have occurred in the field of archaeology addresses issues left by military operations, the implementation of the new administrative apparatus, the migration process of Arab and Berber contingents, and, especially, the technological, social, and cultural transformations that triggered these events in successive decades.