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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the risk of post-transfusion and postoperative non-A non-B hepatitis in Australia immediately before the introduction of screening for hepatitis C. DESIGN Retrospective testing of blood samples from a prospective study of cardiac surgery patients. Samples were taken from transfusion recipients and non-transfused controls at regular intervals for 12 months after surgery during 1987-1989. For all donor, recipient and control samples, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured and tests for antibody to hepatitis B (anti-HBc, anti-HBs) and, when available, to hepatitis C (anti-HCV) were performed. SETTING Cardiac surgery units. PARTICIPANTS Participants were included if they lived in the metropolitan area, and had not had a transfusion in the past year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Post-transfusion hepatitis (two consecutive samples showing raised ALT levels, > 90 IU/L with no other known cause); hepatitis C infection and carriage (antibody to hepatitis C). RESULTS Post-transfusion hepatitis occurred in 1.1% of 736 recipients of blood not screened for hepatitis C (i.e., two cases per 1000 unscreened units given). No hepatitis occurred in 514 controls. Seven of the eight patients with post-transfusion hepatitis seroconverted to hepatitis C virus infection. Seven of the 26 anti-HCV-positive donations transmitted hepatitis C, six of these were positive by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) (one by second generation testing only) and one was RIBA indeterminate. Nineteen were RIBA non-reactive; one transmitted hepatitis but the recipient did not develop anti-HCV, although hepatitis C RNA was detected in the donation. Serum ALT was raised in four of the six infective donations. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis C virus infection accounted for almost all cases of non-A non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. First generation anti-HCV tests detected about 85% of infective donations. Surrogate testing of donations by ALT or anti-HBc offers no additional advantage.

A total of 328 cases of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Western Australia in 1983-1987 was studied with respect to demographic factors, the risk profile, the clinical progression of disease, the utilization of inpatient services and trends in incidence over time. The crude incidence rates were 8.8 cases/100,000 person-years in men and 0.4 cases/100,000 person-years in women. Age-specific rates peaked at 25 to 29 years of age in men. The risk of HIV infection was associated with metropolitan residence, low socioeconomic level, and two specific occupational groups. Homosexual and bisexual men constituted 86% of all cases; the incidence rate of HIV infection in such men was approximately 1000-times higher than was the incidence rate by apparent sexual transmission in heterosexual persons. However, the proportion of cases that occurred in women or that apparently was caused by heterosexual sexual transmission increased from zero in 1983-1984 to 7.5% and 5.4%, respectively, in 1987. After two years of follow-up, 71% of preclinical (category-C) patients had developed signs, symptoms or evidence of immune dysfunction, and 12% of those patients with lymphadenopathy or with other early clinical features of disease (category-B) had progressed to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). At 21 months of follow-up, the survival rate with AIDS was 9%. Patients with AIDS utilized an average of 68.9 short-stay hospital bed-days per person-year, while category-B patients used 11.5 hospital bed-days per person-year. Notifications of HIV infection increased each year from 1983 to 1986, but fell by 22% in 1987. The latter may have been as a result of chance, a screening artefact or a real reduction in the incidence rate.