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A semi-active control method based on a controlled output of a targeted active control law is proposed in the study. As a conventional method, a semi-active control law based on the targeted active control input, e.g., a clipped optimal control and its related methods, is widely used for the vibration control of structural systems. In the present study, on the other hand, the controlled output of the targeted active control law is used as the reference of the semi-active control. The semi-active control strategy is referred to as “output emulation approach” and the authors showed a method based on the output emulation approach based on the predicted controlled output by assuming the targeted active control as the LQ optimal control law in the previous study. In this paper, a new output emulation semi-active control method with a quadratic error function between the controlled output signal of the semi-active control system and that of the targeted active control system. The semi-active control law minimizing the quadratic error function is obtained as a bang-bang type switching of the variable damping coefficient of the semi-active control device. The targeted active control law is defined as a state-space control with a constraint on the closed-loop pole placement. Design parameters to determine the region of the pole placement of the targeted active control system are adjusted so that the semi-active control based on the proposed output emulation approach is optimized. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown with a simulation example.Copyright © 2015 by ASME

With the widely application of IS series centrifugal pumps in industry and agriculture, the blade-passing frequency (BPF) flow-induced noise in these pumps are tend to be optimized. In this paper, a common type IS50-65-160 is chosen as the model pump to do the optimization of BPF noise. Considering both the effect of noise reduction and applicability of the project, an optimization scheme of cutting the impeller diameter is proposed. An analysis of the different performance curves, corresponding to different impeller diameters, emerges the diameter optimization range of impeller from 0.95Dd to 1.0Dd. And two optimal schemes, cutting impeller diameter by 2.5% and 5%, are taken through the comparison with experimental results. Then properties of this BPF noise are predicted by a hybrid method through ANSYS-CFX and LMS Virtual. Lab Acoustics. The result shows that the dipole source is the main flow-induced noise in low specific speed pump, so only dipole source is considered in the simulation. And the sound pressure distributions on monitoring points of these two suggested schemes are calculated and compared with the design impeller. The comparison shows that the optimal scheme is to cut the impeller diameter by 2.5%, while a further cut (0.975Dd) would lead to a much greater loss in head and the noise control effect is not better than cutting by 2.5%.Copyright © 2012 by ASME

Since the nineties, the OWC (Oscillating Water Column) plants were developed at full scale to produce electrical power from ocean waves [1]. A prototype was built into a caisson breakwater of the Sakata Port, in Japan; other plants were built in India, in Scotland at Islay, in Portugal at the Azores. A new plant was built in Mutriku (Spain) recently. A new kind of OWC caisson, named U-OWC or REWEC3, was proposed by Boccotti [2]. With respect to a traditional OWC, a U-OWC plant includes an additional vertical duct, which enables to tune the eigenperiod of the plant to the peak period of the wave pressures acting on the converter-breakwater. In this way, resonance conditions can be reached without phase control devices and the wave pressures into the air pocket are increased in amplitude, amplifying the performance of the plant. In 2012, a full scale U-OWC (REWEC3) breakwater has been designed in Italy, for the harbour of Civitavecchia (the port of Rome – Port Authority of Civitavecchia). Such a breakwater embodies 19 caissons, each including 8 cells, 34m long. The paper disseminates the key issues pertaining the design stage. Further, it describes the main phases of the construction stage. The building of the caisson started in October 2012. The first caisson has been completed at the end of 2012. It is the first device for wave energy in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the biggest in the world.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

In the past decade, an innovative concept, the floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) system has been developed as a more effective solution over conventional pipelines for exploiting offshore natural gas resources. Understanding the hydrodynamic behaviour of such a mega structure in a real seaway is essential for determining its performance as well as evaluating the operabilities of on-board facilities and safe offloading. In this paper, experimental study on the hydrodynamic performance of a generic FLNG hull form has been presented. The 1:100 scale model was tested in the Australian Maritime College model test basin for head sea and oblique sea conditions at zero forward speed. The wave induced loads and motions were measured by load cells and linear variable differential transducers (LVDTs) respectively. Experimental uncertainties on each of the measured variables were studied by taking partial differentiations on the uncertainty sources. The time history measurements were decomposed by Fourier series for obtaining frequency domain force/moment and motion transfer functions. The results were compared with numerical solutions from potential flow and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solvers. A good correlation between the experimental and numerical results has been demonstrated.

This paper presents the use of a single slanted hot wire to measure the three velocity components of a swirling flow field. In its usage, the hot wire probe has been calibrated in a subsonic air jet for both speed and direction. It was then used to measure the swirling flow field associated with the presence of an inlet model. Using Hybrid Method, the final velocity components are obtained via the solution of a set of simultaneous nonlinear equations given the voltage readings at three orientations of the hot wire probe at a point in the flow field. The distortions of total pressure and velooity were also measured in the same inlet model.Copyright © 1985 by ASME

One of the most perplexing problems that confronts the designer of citrus processing machinery and equipment is that of corrosion resistance. Citrus waste product, pulp, and juice have a citric acid content of around 2.7% by weight which will quickly destroy paint or lacquer finishes and will rapidly corrode carbon or low alloy steels. Only the highly alloyed chromium nickel steels, monel, inconel, pure nickel, some of the bronzes, tin and copper can withstand the corrosive attack of citrus juice and pulp. Paper published with permission.

Almost four million tons of citrus fruit were used by the Florida processing plants last year. Juice obtained from citrus represents only approximately half of the weight of the fruit. Two million tons of peel, pulp and seeds, accumulated yearly at processing plants, presents a challenge and an opportunity. This is a large amount of raw material, readily available, concentrated in a relatively small number of locations, and produced over a period of time which makes possible economical handling and processing. Paper published with permission.

The Citrus Processing industry has come a long way in the last twenty years. In some respects the handling of plant wastes may be said to have kept pace with this growth. Two decades ago, the only by-product was peel oil. Peelings and pulp were hauled away to groves or other suitable locations by crude forerunners of modern dump trucks. The more remote this location was the better since the odor could be terrific. Any suitable lake or city sewer or underground well was used for liquid wastes. Paper published with permission.

This paper is the author’s third progress report in the USA on the AK-closed cycle gas turbine.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

This paper is a continuation of a previously presented paper, which described the over-all design of the major components of a mobile power unit. The present paper is concerned with the main power equipment only and offers a detailed description of the design features which were developed for this project and also provide the flexibility necessary to make this gas turbine suitable for other applications.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

This paper reflects on the design considerations for naval gas turbines in terms of duty profile operating requirements and the basic parameters of engine design. The degree of compromise of weight, efficiency, and engine life should reflect the specific application requirements.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

This paper describes the general requirements and past design practices on airborne gas-turbine-driven auxiliary power units, and in addition describes a new solution to the problem — installation of an APU in a streamlined pod. The unit was designed and developed by Solar Aircraft Company for use on the Convair C-131B airplane. Normally two complete pod units are used per airplane, one mounted beneath the wing on each side of the fuselage. Each is attached by means of a standard bomb shackle. Provisions have been made for jettisoning the unit in case of emergency. The paper describes the advantages of a gas turbine as the prime mover in airborne APU applications, the nature of the gas-turbine engine chosen, and its control system.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

ASME Paper 48-A-109 described combustion liners and fuel nozzles which were originally used in General Electric gas turbines. Operating experience has shown certain shortcomings of these, particularly in regard to liner life and frequency of changing required by the fuel nozzles. This paper describes a new type of liner and fuel nozzle which, on the basis of limited field experience, have shown considerable improvement in these respects. It also gives a brief review of test data and operating experience on combustion liners and fuel nozzles.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

The objective of the research and development program reported by this paper was to decrease the specific fuel consumption of a small gas-turbine engine by means of an increase in pressure ratio alone. Development of a centrifugal compressor is presented, with a general description of equipment, methods, and special problems met during the tests. Results showed the required decrease in specific fuel consumption and pointed up the advantages of a straightforward development program.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

To exploit the regenerative gas-turbine cycle to the fullest possible extent requires an extremely high degree of heat exchange. Presently, the rotary heat exchanger is the only type which can be designed with the high thermal effectiveness necessary and yet remain practical from a size and cost standpoint. The mechanical nature of the rotary heat exchanger is such, however, that some leakage of high-pressure fluid to the low-pressure side will always occur. The fact that in the past this leakage could not be held to workable values has prevented commercial acceptance of this type unit. Consequently, The Air Preheater Corporation set up an intensive program aimed at developing an acceptable sealing means which would remove this one objection to an otherwise highly desirable piece of equipment. While this development program, at time of writing, is far from complete, results to-date have indicated that sealing of the rotary design can be accomplished, and based on quantity production, costs of a turbine plant equipped with a rotary heat exchanger would be attractive commercially. Included in the development program was the design and construction of a prototype unit for a 3000 hp turbine plant. While erection of the prototype unit is complete, no testing has been done at time of writing. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the advantages of the regenerative cycle, generally, and more specifically, to show why the rotary type is most promising, particularly in the high effectiveness range. In addition, certain data pertaining to the design of the prototype unit are also presented. A future report will present results obtained from the prototype test program.

It is amazing how wide the field of application of this comparatively new machine is, because actually only slightly more than a decade has passed since it made its debut in continuous commercial service. To name a few such fields: Power generation, traction, aviation, ship propulsion, chemical industry, nuclear reactors, etc. Brown Boveri gas turbines are being used in many of these applications — and recently our company also developed a mobile power plant driven by a gas turbine. The purpose of this paper is to describe the details of such units.Copyright © 1956 by ASME

Impact oscillators are found in many applications. Some of the applications inadvertently experience the undesirable effect of vibro-impact called grazing bifurcation. For example, fitting joints are commonly considered in mechanical design. However, the grazing behavior of a loose fitting joint in response to the thermal variation of the working environment may cause unpredictable damage. In this paper, the Newtonian model of a vibro-impact system is investigated. The model system exhibits complex grazing dynamics that is highly nonlinear. The generation of grazing phenomena along with the corresponding periodic solution of the particular type of bifurcation is elaborated. The system is characterized using phase portraits. Since grazing and route-to-chaos are difficult to control, a novel concept capable of simultaneous control of vibration amplitude in the time-domain and spectral response in the frequency-domain is applied to develop a viable control scheme. The concept has been demonstrated working well for the control of dynamic instability including bifurcation and chaos in many engineering systems. The developed controller explores wavelet adaptive filters and filtered-x least mean square algorithm to the successful mitigation of the various states of dynamic instability of the vibro-impact system including grazing bifurcation and chaotic response. In addition, detail description is also given as to the setting of the control parameters such as control time step, sampling rate, wavelet filter vector, and desired targets.Copyright © 2014 by ASME

A gas-turbine engine employed as the main propulsion plant in a ship must satisfy design requirements which differ considerably from those for other turbine applications. The design objectives in a gas-turbine plant for application to naval vessels of medium displacement are discussed in this paper. Such vessels, notably escort types, have duty profile characteristics which demand relatively short periods of operation at maximum power, and long periods at small percentages of maximum power. Normal cruising power may be only 15 per cent of the maximum available but economy of operation must be assured at this condition. In this respect, such engines introduce problems which do not arise in commercial vessels or aircraft-machines, where most of the operating life is spent at high percentages of the maximum available power.Copyright © 1957 by ASME

This paper reviews the experience of the Austin Motor Company with gas-turbine development for vehicles. In particular, it considers the component efficiencies of the compressor and turbines that make up the complete unit. The present performance and fuel consumptions are reviewed and estimates made of the improvements likely to be obtained with reasonable development within a few years.Copyright © 1957 by ASME

This paper describes the design and construction of a new 3000-hp single-shaft gas turbine which has been designed for sufficient speed flexibility to make it ideal for mechanical drive applications. Over-all performance and efficiencies of the gas turbine are presented together with a description of the control system and its application to variable-speed drives. A simplified electrohydraulic control system is described which retains necessary protective features and minimizes the accessory equipment. Particular emphasis has been placed on refinery applications where reliability is paramount.Copyright © 1957 by ASME

To a citrus engineering group, refrigeration is a common-place item. However, except to those directly concerned with the subject, immediate reference to specific terms might be somewhat confusing. Since our subject is “Booster Compressors For The Citrus Industry”, it might be well to define a booster compressor. Paper published with permission.

Although there is tremendous interest in the gas turbine and it has become a fully recognized prime mover, there have been relatively little data collected in one paper which would aid in evaluating various gas turbine cycles. This paper presents estimating cost data which can be used for preliminary evaluations and discusses factors, unique with the gas turbine, which should be considered. Although well known, two of the common methods of evaluating power plants are discussed with particular reference to gas turbines.Copyright © 1958 by ASME

The Comprex supercharger compresses air by direct transmission of energy from an expanding gas utilizing compression and expansion waves. The name Comprex is a contraction of Compression-Expander. Although the phenomena of nonsteady flow have been studied extensively in connection with explosions, diesel fuel injection, railway airbrakes, water hammer, safety equipment in hydraulic power stations, and so on, the use of these effects in gases is relatively new. This paper deals with the Comprex as applied to supercharging of internal-combustion engines. It explains the principle of operation, describes the design and discusses the particular operational characteristics as a supercharger for a 4-cycle diesel engine. It should be remembered that this is only one of many applications of a broad and unexploited field.Copyright © 1958 by ASME

This paper presents the results of a 2500-hr evaluation test performed at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station under the auspices of the Bureau of Ships. Test procedures, results, and conclusions are presented. The primary purpose of this test was to evaluate a compressor-turbine wheel with blades heavier than were in Fleet service at the time of test. This and other improvements have resulted in a forced downtime of 0.6 per cent over a thousand-hour period, and have shown justification for extension of the present 500-hr overhaul period to 1000 hr.

This paper presents the basic design of a Model W-121 gas turbine with a nominal rating of 12,000 hp and 8500 kw for mechanical and electrical drive applications. The over-all performance and efficiency are presented together with a description of the essential features of construction and design of the basic components.Copyright © 1958 by ASME

After giving a brief survey of some of the salient design features of the Mark TA 750/1000-kw gas turbine, an account is given of some of the different categories of application found for this machine on all six Continents of the World, indicating the economic factors which have led to the selection of gas turbines rather than alternative types of prime mover. The main portion of the paper deals with the operating experience which has been obtained on turbines burning natural gas, distillate, and crude oil fuels. The operation of twenty-nine Mark TA turbines which are now in service has been noteworthy for its complete freedom from blade breakages or other major failures. The few service troubles which have arisen, in nearly all cases, have been concerned with the operation of auxiliary equipment, and further development work is actively in progress on these items, in conjunction with the specialist manufacturers concerned, where necessary. The paper ends with an assessment of likely future trends in the application of medium-power gas turbines. Attention is given to the integration of the turbine with packaged assisted circulation boilers in order to provide compactness and flexibility of output.Copyright © 1958 by ASME

The success of the G. T. S. John Sergeant has been documented fully by J. J. McMullen (1) and (2), in his papers covering the official sea trials and the ship’s initial trip to Europe. Since that time, the ship has been in regular service with only one major lay-up while structural modifications were made to the propeller.Copyright © 1958 by ASME

With the ever-increasing necessity of economy of processing and uniformity of product, automation becomes more and more vital to the citrus industry. Our present purpose is to define the subject, briefly describe its functions, and discuss, as time will allow, its pertinent applications. Paper published with permission.

During recent years, a number of plans for the development and sale of rigid metal containers made of materials other than tin plate have been publicly stated. While dealing primarily with the use of aluminum alloys, these announcements (1, 2, 3, 4) reflect general interest since World War II in the development of metal cans made from tin-free materials which would replace or compete with tin plate cans. This discussion will review within the limitations of space and time the progress made in this over-all field and, in particular, indicate the major engineering and economic problems which attend this development area. Paper published with permission.

To determine shallow water effects on current loads for an LNG Carrier, CFD calculations with MARIN’s CFD code ReFRESCO have been carried out. The CFD results are compared to model tests carried out in MARIN’s Shallow Water Basin for the HAWAI JIP. The loads have been determined for three different water depth to draft ratio’s, from relatively deep water to shallow water. For all water depths the difference in CY coefficient between the CFD results and experiments is 5–10%. Furthermore, the blockage effects from basin side walls are investigated. For shallow water it was found that the blockage effects are significant, i.e. 30–50%, and that they vary for different current headings. For deeper water the blockage effects are smaller than 5%. The influence of “towing” versus a “current” flow situation is also studied. In the experiments the model is towed through the basin leading to a relative velocity between the model and the basin floor. It is found that for shallow water the results for the “tow” situation are 10% lower than for the “current” situation. Lastly, preliminary results for full scale are presented. At full scale the current coefficients are found to be lower than at model scale. However, more investigations should be carried out at full scale to be able to draw definite conclusions. From the results presented in this paper it is concluded that shallow water effects on current loads can be accurately obtained with CFD. Furthermore, blockage effects and the influence of “towing” versus a “current” situation have been quantified and a first study into scale effects has been presented.

The industrial gas turbine has gained acceptance in the petro-chemical industry (with its multipurpose cycle) and is now finding increasing application in this field. The reliability of this prime mover has been of paramount importance in petro-chemical applications and it is the purpose of this paper to report operating experience establishing this phase together with the improvement in thermodynamic cycle performance.Copyright © 1959 by ASME

This paper gives a brief description of the Boeing small gas-turbine engine and describes the various marine applications, both propulsion and auxiliary, in which these engines have served. A discussion is included concerning the major problems and corrective action associated with the initial marine service of the latest production model engine, the 502-10C. The paper concludes with a summary of service analysis data of the 502-10C engine in marine applications.Copyright © 1959 by ASME

This paper presents the technical status of a new type aft-turbofan aircraft powerplant, designated as the General Electric CJ805-21. The successful development to date of this aft-fan engine has amply demonstrated the feasibility of a major increase in power rating and a significant improvement in altitude cruise fuel economy by converting the CJ805-3 commercial turbojet to an aft-turbofan engine. The advanced technology, performance capabilities, development and maintenance factors emphasize the importance of the CJ805-21.Copyright © 1959 by ASME

The transporting of liquids and gases is a basic need of civilization. Many methods have been and are used, ranging from the Egyptian water jar to the modern pipe line. The method used in today’s economy depends on the kind and amount of fluid to be transported. Martinis are delivered in 2 ounce glasses by a waiter, whereas oil is transported by 6 to 16 inch pipe lines. For purposes of discussion in this paper we will assume that the requirements are such that the fluid must be delivered to a particular location at a uniform rate. Thus, with this assumption, the most economical method of transporting would be by pipe. If the pipe and valve circuit is to be designed for most economical installation and operation, there are several things that should be known at the outset. Paper published with permission.

Processors of citrus fruit are faced with disposal of the pulp left over after juice is extracted from the fruit. Generally, the pulp is dried in steam or oil fired dryers and then sold as cattle feed. If disposal of the pulp is the prime factor of interest to the operator; shredding and hot air drying is sufficient. For more efficient removal of water from the pulp and the obtainment of other by-products, mainly citrus molasses and stripper oil, consideration should be given to the installation of presses and a molasses evaporator. Most authorities will agree that water can be evaporated more efficiently in a multiple effect evaporator than in a hot air dryer. Presses and an evaporator represent considerable investment, therefore the decision to install a Molasses Plant must be weighed carefully, balancing potential savings against the installed cost. Paper published with permission.

The object of the experiment discussed in this paper was to determine (to a preliminary degree) the extent to which the operating range could be extended and the surging characteristics varied by the combination of acoustic suppressors with an air compressor, such as by connection to the discharge duct system of the air compressor.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

This paper considers economics of peaking plants, importance of low capital and standby charges, rapid starting and full-load without warming up, and description of a 3-megawatt plant based on aircraft type of gas turbine. Automatic controls and safety devices, installation, silencing and problems of compressor fouling are also treated.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

This paper is based on an operating industrial installation that the author’s company has engineered and constructed. It presents the various studies made by the engineers to arrive at the best all around solution, based on installed cost, ease of operation, simplicity, and over-all cycle thermal efficiency. Major elements of the installation are as follows: 1) Two 7500-hp simple-cycle gas turbines for driving process equipment. 2) Two 30,000-lb/hr watertube, two-drum, pressurized recovery boilers complete with a stack-type economizer, for heating feedwater for the recovery boiler and power boiler plus a separate economizer for process feedwater heating. 3) Two 40,000-lb/hr watertube, two-drum, balanced-draft power boiler capable of using either air or turbine exhaust gas for combustion air.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

As a result of critical material shortages during the Korean conflict, Nimonic 80A was substituted for S-816 in first stage buckets for 5000 horsepower machines. Original evaluations of long-time performance indicated adequate strength, however, premature failures occurred in 1956 after 15,000–20,000 hours of operation. These failures were discussed in ASME paper (59-GTP-19) by Carameros, Mathews, and Moyer. This paper presents the results of intensive investigations which followed, and which not only revealed basic causes of these failures, but determined the corrective measures required for more reliable performance of this material now in service. Current design dictates the use of a higher strength M-252 alloy with proven stability through long time service.

As a result of the requirement that a gas turbine-electric locomotive operate in areas where legislation prohibits operation if the smoke in the exhaust gases exceeds a specified amount, a program was undertaken to develop a combustion system which would meet the requirements without compromising the other performance criteria. This paper describes the physical and chemical nature of smoke, the objective measurement of smoke, the effect of operating variables on smoking tendency, and finally the considerations which led to a combustion-chamber design which met the requirements as evidenced by the engine test results.

In 1956 Standard-Vacuum Oil Company built fluid catalytic-cracking plants in two Asian refineries, using four identical 3000-hp gas-fired turbines to drive main air blowers and gas compressors. A newly designed, unproven gas turbine was purchased for this application. This paper describes the major field problems encountered and modifications necessary to put the unit into commercial operation. Severe blade damage due to sulfur in fuel gas, the fouling of combustor air baffles, thrust bearing failure, axial-compressor fouling, and the effects of high ambient temperatures were experienced and corrected by the co-operative effort of manufacturer’s and owner’s overseas field personnel.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

For some ten years or more the causes and effects of stalling in relation to compressor blade vibration have been subjects of wide study. Many of these studies are so esoteric as to be of a very limited value to the practical engineer. This paper is intended to be a broad summary of the field so that the practical engineer can appreciate the mechanism of stall vibration and, consequently, what steps must be taken to ensure that vibration will not be so serious as to cause failure.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

Gas turbines are playing an important role in the ever-expanding gas-transportation industry. Coupled to a centrifugal compressor the gas turbine provides a low-cost, flexible prime mover for gas transmission. The two types of gas turbines most commonly used in this field are the single-shaft unit and the two-shaft unit. This paper describes and compares the operating characteristics of each unit along a typical centrifugal-compressor loading line for constant station discharge pressure. Horsepower-speed relationships and specific fuel consumption are considered in this comparison.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

When original negotiations are made for the presentation of a report regarding “initial operating data” or “operating results,” it is hoped that all factors will contribute toward useful information to enlighten and assist others in the same operating category. Oftentimes this is not completely accomplished in the alloted time. This paper is presented to set forth the initial operating experiences and results of two highly controlled gas-turbine units for power generation. The individual turbine arrangement, fuel systems, control systems, start-up and operating problems and a comparison of test and design data are stated. The future outlook for gas turbines in the Electricidad de Caracas system is discussed.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

Several gas turbines are in operation in power stations of the author’s company. Most of them were designed for production of peak-load energy and were rated at 6000-kw power output. The paper describes some of these plants and presents the methods chosen for the solution of the problems of burning heavy fuel oils and of remote control both for usual gas turbines and for free-piston gasifiers.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

Designers of axial flow compressors have always been alert to the effects of tip clearance. The literature contains some simple theories and many tests of specific machines. There has been a tendency to presume that these test results are valid for compressors in general. Certainly a general rule is needed for the great variety of designs found today. Some types, among them generator cooling blowers and wind tunnel blowers, may require large tip clearances so accurate prediction is essential to success. Enough data have now accumulated to permit attempts at generalization. Leroy H. Smith, Jr. provided a starting point with his 1958 paper. This one adds more data, carries the analysis of data further, and points out practical need for further experiment.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

The purpose of this paper is to continue the dissemination of operating and performance information, and evaluation of the gas turbine in the converted Liberty ship, John Sergeant. A detailed report is made on the inspection of gas-turbine parts, and the favorable condition shown. Design improvement suggestions for a new ship are evaluated and recommendations made for future marine applications.Copyright © 1960 by ASME

The annual production of dried citrus pulp within the Florida Citrus Industry has risen during the past twenty five years from a modest beginning to a total of over 330,000 tons per year. To this must be added another 52,000 tons of citrus meal and citrus molasses produced last year so that the combined total by-products production for cattle feed purposes during the 1958–59 season was approximately 380,000 tons. This was estimated to be worth over 14 million dollars. Paper published with permission.

The topic we will discuss is a fast changing one — I have purposely used the term, “Electrical Insulating Materials”, for the fact that the materials mentioned can be used in many phases of the industry, but the main application discussed here will be basically rotating electrical machinery. Paper published with permission.

The paper presents a detailed thermodynamic analysis of a combined gas-turbine “CO” boiler installation. Regenerator flue gas with 9 per cent CO is burned to CO2 using gas-turbine exhaust which contains 17 per cent O2. In addition, the first costs of a steam-turbine drive is compared to that of the gas-turbine installation. The summary is a comparison of the anticipated efficiency with those being experienced.Copyright © 1961 by ASME