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This paper traces the development of criminological interest in the nexus between immigration and crime. Based on a meta-analysis of the literature, it argues that no other topic within the pantheon of criminological interests better illustrates (a) either the connection between the global and the local or (b) the growth of criminological interests beyond the confines of Sutherland's three-part division of the field. What began as a major concern for early sociological criminology theories about the causes of crime has evolved into multifaceted set of focal concerns including: (1) the victimization of immigrants in various forms such as hate crime, domestic abuse, trafficking of humans, frauds, theft of wages, and ordinary street crime; (2) the criminalization of immigration policy; (3) bias in the criminal justice system's reaction to immigrants; (4) police policies regarding their relationships with immigrant communities, particular illegal immigrants; (5) the international ramifications regarding the diffusion of violent criminal behavior and fostering transnational networks of violent gangs of policies of deporting large numbers of criminal aliens back to their homelands; and (6) the relative effectiveness of various policies for the prevention of illegal immigration with special attention to the impact of anti-terrorist measures. Today's research on the immigration and crime is immigrant friendly. It has not only produced new evidence showing that immigrants are less criminally involved than natives. It has also shed much greater light on the plight of immigrants as victims of crimes and of negative public perceptions and policies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major aim of this paper is to overview the women's status and domestic violence in Turkey. Recently, there are several changes in terms of legal and institutional level, which positively affect the women's role and status in Turkey. The norms of European Union and United Nations (the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) have already ratified and adapted to the laws. Although most of the regulations and changes have strengthened the women's status and roles, domestic violence and other forms of violence against women are widespread in Turkey, according to recent research and studies. Also due to the new feminist movement and activism, which emerged in the early 1980s, have a strong effect to eliminate the domestic violence in Turkey. In this paper, it will be examined how women's policy agencies and other institutions including judiciary, law enforcement, NGO's and local governments respond to the domestic violence incidence. Also, the effectiveness of these institutions will be analyzed and evaluated. Finally, some policies and recommendations will be discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year hundreds of thousands of women and girls throughout the world are deliberately killed or hurt and many more die from deaths that could have easily been avoided. Despite the suffering experienced by females, the discipline of criminology has been remarkably silent on all but a few of these harms. Whilst feminist criminologists have in many ways succeeded in raising the profile of crimes such as rape, domestic violence and child abuse there remain large silences around other harms - particularly those gendered-based harms most commonly associated with women in the developing world. One of the central arguments made in the paper is that it is only through crossing multi-disciplinary boundaries and examining other additional literatures such as health, anthropology, and development studies, that the nature and extent of gendered-based harm can be understood more fully. In making this argument, the paper considers first how gendered violence has been neglected as an area of investigation within criminology, as well as some of the reasons that may account for this, notwithstanding recent improvements within the discipline. The paper's second key argument is that in order to appreciate the breadth of gender-based harms a paradigm shift is required in which an understanding of individual/familial acts of harm are supplemented with an understanding of collective acts of harm - acts of harm mediated at the community or societal levels. The remainder of the paper provides a life course perspective, which is relevant to the experiences of women and the girlchild in the developing world, to illustrate some of the main types of harms females endure throughout the different passages of their lives. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the role of procedural justice in the criminal justice context has suggested that individuals' perceptions of fairness have an independent effect on future behavior regardless of the outcome. In addition, citizens who believe police officers are acting in a procedurally fair manner will evaluate the police-citizen encounter more positively than those who felt officers were acting procedurally unfair (Tyler & Folger, 1980). Research conducted both within and outside the criminal justice context has concluded that while procedural justice is defined similarly across cultures, there are significant differences in the relative importance of procedural justice that varies on various social and demographic characteristics such as race and gender. This paper will explore the effect of sociodemographic characteristics on perceptions of police behavior and perceptions of procedural justice among a sample of domestic violence offenders. This paper employs secondary data analysis from a random, experimental design that evaluated a domestic violence treatment program. As each of the offenders in the sample were arrested for domestic violence, this analysis is able to hold the effect of the outcome constant (arrest), while examining how perceptions of police behavior and perceptions of fairness vary along social and demographic characteristics. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical debate exists between family violence and feminist researchers as to the risk factors for intimate partner violence. Combining the individualistic approach of feminist theory and the household approach of family violence research in order to study intimate partner violence, this paper proposes an integrated conceptual framework under Strain Theory. In order to reach a better understanding of intimate partner violence, it is necessary to examine strain between the couple as well as on the household. Using PNAD 1988 data from Brazil, this paper looks at marital strains, racial differences, educational heterogamy and age heterogamy, and household strains, income, density, the number of young children, in order to predict the likelihood of intimate partner violence occurring. I use logistic regression models to determine how indicators of individual and household stress affect rates of intimate partner violence Results indicate that at the marital level race is significant in predicting intimate partner violence occurrences. At the household level, income, density and the number of children under the age of ten all are significant in predicting rates of intimate partner violence. This research indicates that in the future integrated approaches to intimate partner violence research would be beneficial in the Brazilian case. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the process of victimization of Caribbean women. An up date of the domestic violence statutes will be explored. The paper will assess the extent of violence against Caribbean women as well as examine the general manner in which the various societies react to this form of violence. How the structures of patriarchy and sexism maintain certain established relationships of violence against women will also be examined. The paper will likewise examine how the victims of violence are treated by the legal and justice system as well as Caribbean women's struggle in fighting violence and their survival techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a risk assessment tool created as part of a larger Domestic Violence Information Sharing System (DVISS) in a Midwestern county. The DVISS is composed of several law enforcement and victim service agencies. The DVISS was developed as a multi-agency approach to providing better intimate partner violence prevention and treatment services. The risk assessment tool allows the wealth of available victim and offender information to be sorted into three separate categories according to risk for future victimization and offending maximum, medium, and minimum risk. The risk assessment tool was created by utilizing information from various other violence assessment tools. Six hundred cases from the year 2000 (50 cases per month) were analyzed from the County Attorneys Office to validate the risk assessment tool. These data were collected from several sources of information within each file. The information sources included the UCR police incident report, the DV supplementary report, the person profile or prior record of the offender, and the bail setting form. Re-offending was assessed in one year increments through the year 2005. This paper includes the benefits and limitations of creating a DVISS among various agencies related to intimate partner violence. This paper also discusses the methods for creating and validating the offender and victim risk assessment tool as well as the results from the validation of that assessment instrument. Finally, this paper provides a better understanding of how multi-agency partnerships improve intimate violence prevention and treatment efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic violence agencies face ever-changing challenges in serving their clients, including the challenge of serving clients who may be recent immigrants to the US. While considerable information has been published on serving the needs of Latina and Asian-American domestic violence victims, little work has been done on the provision of services for other immigrant groups. This paper presents the results of a service-learning project undertaken to help a local domestic-violence agency better respond to the needs of clients who are recent immigrants from the African nation of Sudan. The paper includes a definition of the problem faced by victim-advocate personnel, as told by the staff themselves. Among the greatest challenges victim-advocate personnel report were the ability to speak freely with clients, considering cultural and language barriers. The paper also includes cultural information about this immigrant population and the recommendations these researchers made in order to help agency personnel better connect with and serve these clients. One of these recommendations includes forming partnerships with community groups, area churches and medical clinics that already have outreach services for this immigrant community. Finally, this paper details the research process on the project, including the challenges and successes experienced along the way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision to charge is a critical stage in the processing of any criminal case. Prior research on sexual assaults (Frohmann 1991; Spohn et. al. 2001) suggests that prosecutorial decisions to reject cases or file charges rest on a complex array of factors including, but not limited to strength of evidence and victim credibility. This paper attempts to expand on this research by investigating prosecutorial decisions for a sample of domestic violence cases in the state of Alaska. In this paper, we present basic descriptive statistics that compare the types of cases that are being fully prosecuted to ones that are not. The data come from domestic violence incidents reported to the Alaska State Troopers in 2002 and 2003 along with case outcomes and the reasons for those outcomes provided by the Alaska Department of Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research and practice in the area of domestic violence all too often has been presented as a one size fits all approach. This is inadequate to the experiences and needs of diverse groups of women who are abused. Instead, this paper looks at (1) the recent research and practice using a race, class, gender, sexuality intersectional analysis and structural framework to understand the lived experiences and contexts of domestic violence for marginalized women in the U.S., (2) the relationship of battering in the family to violence against women (and men) by larger systems of socially structured inequality in poor and racialized communities, and (3) the availability of approaches and resources to diverse groups of women to fight this oppression. The focus of this paper is to provide several examples of different types of approaches being used in marginalized communities in the U.S. for dealing with domestic violence against women in their families. How poor women, women of color, immigrant women, and lesbians visualize some of their work against domestic violence in poor and racialized U.S. communities will be the focus of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social disorganization, routine activity and the opportunity theories in criminology focus on crime, place and poverty. The concentration of low-income families living in poverty promoted higher risk of domestic violence. Though there are currently no statistics on the extent of domestic violence among public housing residents and voucher holders, women living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods experience domestic violence at higher rates than the general population (Benson and Fox 2004). This paper will focus on analyzing spatial analysis of intimate partner violence in and around low income public housing projects. Based on the environmental criminological perspective and using crime mapping tool, the current study examines domestic violence clustering pattern, its displacement, spatial dependency and neighborhood characteristics and environmental linkages to domestic violence. Preliminary results indicate clustering of domestic violence in and around low income public housing and section 8 homes. This paper examines: 1. Are homicides higher around public housing developments than in other areas? 2: How do the socio-demographic factors of the location influence incidence of crime around public housing? ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the US and other nations have used a domestic violence paradigm to assist in the identification of victims of human trafficking. These efforts have included funding public awareness campaigns, creating 1-800 numbers, and collecting random tips that are then turned over to law enforcement. The paper's author was formerly the Project Director for the National Human Trafficking Resource Center here in the US. The paper explores the successes and failures of using such models and technology strategies to identify female victims of trafficking and the distinct characteristics of these victims that work against their identification using the domestic violence model. Comparisons of rates of identification of victims in other countries using these strategies are analyzed and recommendations are provided that urge very different approaches to victim identification. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gendered justice is a concept that refers to the differential treatment of males and females by the justice system. In the case of domestic violence, victims are usually placed in the situation of proving themselves worthy of justice, as opposed to the offender in most other cases. The proving guilty beyond a reasonable doubt is not a concept applied to the defendant so much as it is applied to the victim. However, is this ideology restricted to criminal justice practices or can we see this ideology reflected in media images? This paper explores sensationalized media stories of female victims of stranger murders and domestic violence murders. Utilizing the Historical New York Times database, this paper examines these cases in a miniseries approach focusing on the most sensationalized cases reported since the Battered Women's Movement of the 1970s. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controversy regarding whether domestic violence is sanctioned under Islamic law stems from confusion over multiple interpretations of Chapter 4, Verse 34 in the Koran, which seems to refer to "wife-beating." Through analysis of scholarly interpretations of multiple translations of the verse, this paper argues that domestic violence is not sanctioned under Islamic law. Additionally, through discussion of countries whose criminal justice systems misinterpret Islamic law, the paper shows how culture and patriarchal values rather than religion contribute to the confusion regarding whether domestic violence is sanctioned under Islamic law. In other words, lack of awareness of women's rights under Islamic law contributes to the privatization of domestic violence within Muslim communities. The paper concludes with a discussion regarding how this information might be utilized when working with Muslim domestic violence victims in the United States. Author Information: Christine DeCleene is a law student at William Mitchell College of Law in St. Paul, Minnesota. She has conducted research for the Minnesota Coalition for Battered Women and the Hague Domestic Violence Project at the University of Minnesota. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of an exploratory study of immigrant women's attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence and criminal justice policies in the city of Baltimore, Maryland. Based on a snowball sample of women from Russian-speaking, Spanish-speaking, Chinese-speaking, and Francophone African communities, this paper will seek to understand both attitudes and observations about the problem and the respondents' knowledge of the criminal justice system as it relates to domestic violence. Immigrant women experience many problems in reporting abusive partners to the police: language barriers, needing and wanting to remain with their husbands/partners, needing/wanting to remain in their immigrant communities, fear of deportation (of self or husband/partner), inability to work or get an education appropriate to the new society's demands, complex family dynamics, childcare needs, not understanding the laws, and so forth (see Abraham, 2000; Dasgupta, 2005). Bui (2004) reports that a major problem exists in that criminal justice systems and law enforcement agencies tend to consist of inflexible laws, policies, and practices that ignore the diverse groups of women and men in the U.S. By seeking to understand how these women perceive the problem and potential solutions, this study should have implications at the policy level. In particular, this information should contribute to attempts to rescript domestic violence services and laws based on a new paradigm—one that takes an intersectionality approach. This approach proposes that we take more seriously the variety of sociocultural contexts of women's experiences, including the woman's race, ethnicity, class, and nativity. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the backlash by men's rights advocates and the subsequent response by feminist and other actors, both state and non-state, in the creation and demise of Ontario's Bill 117 (2000), An Act to Better Protect Victims of Domestic Violence. Through an examination of the public debates that took place, this paper seeks to explore the discourses that men's rights activists used to counter feminist constructions of domestic violence. I incorporate both feminist and Foucauldian insights focusing on how knowledge and power are deployed and produced within this discursive context. Using a combined content and discourse analysis research strategy, I collapsed my data into four key themes: 1) protection, rights and gender; 2) funding and fairness; 3) numerical and statistical truths; and 4) resistance. By examining how they collectively construct the problem of domestic violence I aim to expose the ways in which men's rights advocates disqualify women's experiences and the state and non-state responses to such claims. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on recent successes forecasting repeat incidents of domestic violence and prison misconduct, statistical learning procedures are used to forecast homicides committed by current and former probationers. Such events are difficult to forecast because they are very rare, are likely to be related to predictors in a highly non-linear way, and have a large chance component. Moreover, all forecasting procedures rest on implicit and often unrealistic assumptions about the costs of false positives and false negatives. Forecasts responsive to real policy applications need to take these costs into account explicitly. In this paper, substantial forecasting skill is demonstrated using data from 1969 to 2005 for Philadelphia. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as motherhood becomes an area of heightened scrutiny and regulation for women involved in the justice system as offenders, so may it also in regard to victimization. Perhaps nowhere else is this as true than in areas of victimization where women are already subject to blame and doubt, such as intimate partner battering. Based on the accounts of domestic violence shelter residents, this paper expands upon the theme of reproductive justice by examining the ways in which the justice system not only questions the legitimacy of women's experiences as victims, but also uses the victimization experience as an avenue through which to justify increased legal monitoring of parenthood. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the emotional and cognitive transformations undergone by both protected victims and controlled offenders who participated in a bilateral electronic monitoring (BEM) program for domestic violence cases. The study, based on in-depth interviews of 30 victims, 30 offenders, and 40 criminal justice professionals administering the BEM program in two jurisdictions, highlights the unanticipated therapeutic benefits that both victims and offenders derived from program participation. It also demonstrates some of the adverse effects accrued to program participants. The implications of the use of BEM for therapeutic jurisprudence are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of victim-offender relationships on the victims' decision to report domestic violence to the police with particular attention to abuse of the elderly. Most studies of domestic violence and responses to domestic violence do not isolate the elderly. As the population ages, however, more and more households will have elderly members who may be dependent upon the children with whom they live. Care-giving can be stressful and increase the likelihood of abuse. This abuse may not be reported to the police because of the parents' desire to protect their offending child or because of their dependency. In an effort to test these hypotheses, this paper examines differences in the reporting of domestic violence across age of the victim and different victim offender relationships especially child versus partner. This study uses NCVS 1992-2003 incident level data. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) created in 1979 was one of the first scales produced predominantly for the measurement of gender violence in intimate dating relationships. The scale has been revised, revisited, and reused numerous times since its creation. The mixed findings of the survey items of the CTS have led to revisions allowing for psychological and sexual abuse subscales of the CTS to be added. These revisions still produced valid and near similar findings: both women and men are perpetrators of violence. This paper will explain the importance of the CTS and CTS2 as a valuable tool for measuring intimate partner violence and allow for a discussion on how we as researchers conceptualize violence. Is it still violence if it is self defense? Does psychological violence of one partner allow for physical violence in another? These are important questions that the CTS/CTS2 can help researchers understand if administered in the right setting. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late 2005, PBS stations around the U.S. aired Breaking the Silence: Children's Stories, a documentary about children placed in the custody of alleged abusers. Before the film was even broadcast, anti-feminist father's rights advocates bombarded the Public Broadcasting Service and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting with email and phone calls protesting the film. They argued that the failure to present claims that women and children commonly fabricate allegations of abuse alongside the children's accounts constituted "an assault on fatherhood". The events that unfolded around this broadcast reveal the intersection between "fringe" and mainstream backlash efforts and some of their implications for survivors of violence, abusers, protective parents, and academic freedom. This paper provides an introduction to the anti-feminist father's rights movement and its tactics via a case study of this instance of backlash activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although child abuse was the first form of violence within the family to be recognized as a social problem in American society, very little research attention has been devoted to examining the degree of law applied to cases of homicide against children. Using data collected from prosecutors' offices in 33 large urban counties, this paper examines the differential adjudication outcomes (whether convicted and sentenced received for those convicted) received by male and female homicide defendants who killed children. To illuminate the idiosyncratic fluctuations in these outcomes, homicide cases are further disaggregated by the victim/offender relationship. Both legal factors such as a defendant's prior record, and the number of victims and extra-legal factors such as the race/ethnicity and age of the defendant and the race/ethnicity and age of the victim are controlled in models predicting the outcome variables. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At one time, the killing of a Latina/Hispanic woman by her intimate partner was extremely rare in Chicago. That is no longer true. Even as the overall number of intimate partner homicides has declined, the proportion in which the victim is a Latinas/Hispanic women has increased. However, there is very little empirical information on Latina/Hispanic women's risk of death, given partner abuse. While there is population-based data on the risk of abuse, that information is of limited use to women who are already confronting an abusive situation, or to the practitioners and friends she may depend on for support. These people need to know the risk factors for a lethal outcome among women experiencing intimate partner violence. Further, without data based on adequate samples, we cannot assume that the constellation of risk factors that are important for Latina/Hispanic women are necessarily the same as for other racial/ethnic groups. The Chicago Women's Health Risk Study (CWHRS) was designed to respond to these questions. The CWHRS, a study of lethal and non-lethal intimate partner violence, contains enough cases so that risk factors for Latina/Hispanic women can be analyzed separately. In this paper, we listen to the voices of the 174 Latina/Hispanic women in the CWHRS (56 who were in a relationship and had not experienced physical abuse in the past year, 40 who had experienced severe or life-threatening violence at the hands of an intimate partner in the past year, 69 who had experienced other kinds of intimate partner violence in the past year, and 9 who had been killed by her intimate partner), following them a year in the past and (for the women who were not killed) a year prospectively. We ask what aspects of the situation indicate that she may be at risk of death, and what helps a woman to be able to escape further violence? From the experiences of women who successfully escaped the violence, and from the experiences of women who did not, we suggest practical interventions that could help to save the lives of Latina/Hispanic women. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restraining orders are useful tools in domestic violence and stalking cases. They provide the victim with additional protection from the offender. However, recent studies have indicated that a number of these orders are either not being served or not being filed with appropriate state registeries. These actions render the orders ineffective. This paper will examine these issues and discuss their ramifications. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a theoretical model on the interconnections between multiple forms of violence exposure. We examine levels and correlates of adult intimate partner violence and child maltreatment using longitudinal cohort data from the Project for Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Preliminary analyses indicate that neighborhood socio-economic disadvantage is negatively associated with adult intimate partner violence. The influences of neighborhood and family contextual factors on adult intimate partner violence are then tested in multilevel models. Adult intimate partner violence is examined as a potential mediating pathway between neighborhood context and child maltreatment. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the influence of neighborhood context on domestic violence recidivism. Social control theory suggests that recidivism may be affected not only by informal social controls operating at the individual level, but also by social controls exerted at the neighborhood level. Moreover, the effects of formal sanctions and informal social controls at the individual level may vary depending on neighborhood characteristics. Using a sample of domestic violence cases drawn from the New York City Criminal Justice Agency database, we examine whether neighborhood characteristics affect an individual offender's likelihood of recidivism. We also consider whether the effects of formal legal and informal social controls are mediated by characteristics of the offender's neighborhood. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence is a complex type of crime and victimization. The risk of intimate partner violence within a relationship varies according to individual, relationship, and community level factors. This paper will merge domestic violence data collected from a local county attorney's office with census data to examine the correlation between individual, relationship, and community level risk factors. The domestic violence data from the county attorney's office includes information regarding 600 specific incidents of intimate partner violence. Details of the current specific offense (from the year 2000) provide individual level risk factors for the offender as well as relationship level factors for the victim and offender. These factors include the location of the incident, a complete criminal history for the offender, the charge(s) at arrest, use of drugs/alcohol during the incident, and the degree of injury to the victim. Relationship level factors include the length of relationship, recent breakup, children involved in the relationship or incident, and a history of violence in the relationship. Information regarding the offender's recidivism through the year 2005 is also included. The census data (from the year 2000) provides information regarding community level risk factors. Following Social Disorganization Theory, these community risk factors will include measures for poverty, heterogeneity, and transiency as well as other relevant community level risk factors. The combination of these two data sources will provide an opportunity to examine how community level factors correlate with the disbursement of intimate partner violence within this particular Midwestern jurisdiction. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small portion of youth, approximately 20,000 per year reach the age of majority while in foster care. This paper discusses the associations between early life experiences and later persistence in criminal activities in youth who "age out"of care. Although these individuals are expected to function independently they are at risk for persistent offending due to attachment issues exacerbated by family or home factors such as parental drug involvement, poor parental supervision, neglect, family violence and child abuse. Life course issues such as comparative age of independence, educational level and employment are also related to persistence in criminal activity. First, I describe foster care and the process of transition to independent living. Second, I discuss two of the models which predict persistence problems. Third, I discuss studies that have been done, citing the limitations and strengths of these studies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not uncommon for parties seeking a divorce to claim cruel and abusive treatment during the course of a marriage. Often, this treatment has resulted in one of the parties obtaining a protective order. This paper will examine plea agreements and criminal sentencing in cases where a spouse obtained a protective order either before or after filing for divorce. The cases will be divided into two categories. The first category will be cases in which prior to the divorce filing, a protective order already existed. The second group will be cases in which a protective order was issued after the complaint for divorce was filed. The purpose of the study is to determine whether there are any difference in either plea bargains or sentencing for criminal charges related to a protective order issued after a party has filed for divorce. This study will look at plea bargaining and sentencing in domestic violence cases, the filing or protective orders for couples obtaining a divorce, Massachusetts law, and case studies from Massachusetts. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the relationship between child maltreatment and intimate partner violence (IPV) is well documented. However, what remains uncertain is the type of maltreatment that is a risk factor for later IPV perpetration. Several studies document that childhood physical abuse is a stronger risk factor, whereas other studies document that witnessing violence is the dominant risk factor. A second area that is not well-understood is gender. Specifically, it is unclear if witnessing parental violence as a child affects both males and females equally, with some studies showing gender differences, and others showing similarities. Gender differences have become particularly important because of the gender symmetry debates which argue that men and women use equal rates of violence against intimate partners for debatably similar reasons. In this study we examined the following: 1) Did different forms of child maltreatment show a relationship with violence perpetration in men; 2) What are differences or similarities for women? This paper seeks to better understand the risk factors of child maltreatment as they relate to gender differences for the purpose of breaking the cycle of violence. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has demonstrated that Latina girls between the ages of 16 and 19 have one of the highest rates of intimate partner violence in the United States. The primary perpetrators of this violence are their boyfriends. One prominent and potential explanation for this occurrence is that Latino youth are learning that violence in intimate and loving relationships is normal. Thus, the cycle of violence may provide an explanation for dating violence victimization among these youth. This paper will examine the "cycle of violence" theory as an explanation for this violence by exploring the results of surveys given to Latino high school students living in the United States on their experiences with dating violence, childhood experiences with corporal punishment, and witnessing domestic violence between parental role models as well as the youths' perceptions about dating violence, their perceptions of friends' experiences with dating violence and their acceptance of abuse and violence in the dating relationship. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how three different jurisdictions in California have responded to the problem of juvenile domestic and family violence. Two counties have developed very different specialized court programs, and the third has no specialized approach. The different approaches have resulted in differenences in the volume and types of cases, as well as intervention strategies. This research is supported by NIJ through a grant to the National Center for State Courts, with the cooperation of the juvenile courts and probation departments in three large urban counties. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on intimate partner violence among South Asian immigrants has just started to understand help-seeking behaviors of this particular immigrant group. A high rate of intimate partner violence is now found in this community. Culture has often been identified as the main factor preventing these women from seeking help. Based on focus group results with immigrant south Asian women in Kentucky, this paper looks at the barriers to doing research on Intimate Partner Violence with South Asian Immigrant Women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a discussion of the role of honor, culturally proscribed relational styles, and social control in partner violence, emphasizing programming and policy responses that might improve criminal justice response to this serious social problem. Recent changes in police practices have centered almost exclusively on pro- and mandatory arrest policies, but these official reactions to domestic violence likely exacerbate situations arising in these contexts. Finally, the complex role of relational styles and their possible attenuation of honor maintenance are discussed specifically with respect to law enforcement policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 1970s, the issues of domestic violence have become an increasing focus of attention for professionals and the general public. Domestic violence is described as a problem embedded in the fabric of society and the change in social policy would be necessary in developing a solution. It is estimated that approximately three million American household experience at least one domestic violence episode each year. Domestic violence in any form is very dangerous. Domestic violence is a widespread crime that has devastating social and public health cost. Population surveys suggested that about 4% of married and cohabiting women in the U.S. experience serious physical violence from a male partner each year. However, the number of victim battered has increased continually in recent years. But, still, every year 1,510,440 women is victim of physical violence by an intimate, it means that every 20.9 second somewhere a woman is battered by their partner or intimate (Tjaden & Thoennes,2000). The purpose of this study is to provide information about the domestic violence in U.S. and to review efficacy of current batterer intervention system. In specific, among various programs, this paper would compare effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral model and Duluth model using a literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teen relationship violence has become more prevalent in recent years. Risk factors such as family history of domestic violence, child abuse, and criminal involvement are discussed, along with the impact of gender in adolescent relationship violence. The research presented in this paper is part of a National Center for State Courts NIJ funded project to study model court- based interventions for juvenile domestic violence cases. Three different jurisdictions are included in the study: two with specialized Juvenile Domestic Violence or Youth Violence Courts, and the third without any special interventions. Permission was granted to code juvenile probation and court files, as well as adult criminal records of minors with teen relationship violence cases. . Both qualitative and quantitative information was collected on case background, the nature of the violence, interventions, and outcomes. Outcomes were measured in terms of court dispositions and juvenile and adult recidivism rates, and to the extent possible, victim safety. The idata contained in these files give us important information about the nature of juvenile relationship violence, as well as suggesting ways to more effectively intervene in such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss physician practices of routine screening for intimate partner violence, and their opinions about policies mandating they report such crimes to law enforcement officials. Mail surveys completed by a sample of physicians from Indiana will be used to collect data and analyze decisions about screening and views about mandatory reporting. The rate of routine screening conducted in physicians offices, reasons for screening and for not screening, and opinions regarding mandatory reporting to law enforcement officers will be analyzed. The findings will be used to address policy issues and discuss how screening and reporting decisions made by physicians may impact victims of intimate partner violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has identified risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) recidivism including the chronicity and severity of assaults perpetrated in the past and a history of problem drinking or alcoholism. In some studies careful monitoring of perpetrator behaviors by authorities, completion of batterer treatment programs and/or prior arrest reduced the likelihood that the violence would reoccur. Studies of intimate partner homicide indicate that perpetrators of lethal violence against their partners are more likely to have a prior history of marital/ spousal rape and a history of perpetrating physical and/or sexual abuse of the children in the home. The present study builds on prior batterer treatment outcome, recidivism and homicide research by testing predictive models of IPV recidivism that include measures of IPV dynamics, history and characteristics of the perpetrator, and the effects of interventions including batterer treatment and arrest. The data are from the Navy Family Study (NFS), a longitudinal study that includes 261 families reported to the Navys Family Advocacy Program (FAP) for IPV. Analyses for this paper are based on a sub-sample of 98 couples interviewed at 2-3 time points soon after the IPV was reported to the authorities and at 24 and/or 36 months post report. Measures of recidivism are based on the reports from both the man and the woman who were interviewed separately and independently. Rates of recidivism and factors associated with re-offense are presented and implications for intervention are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will examine the relationship of problematic drinking and drug use to domestic violence in a sample of 458 offenders sentenced to probation for intimate partner violence. Using data from the National Evaluation of the Judicial Oversight Demonstration, the analysis will compare victim and offender reports of offender drinking and drug use, examine differences in the severity of domestic violence in the year before, and during, the incident that led to conviction, and test the hypothesis that problem drinking and drug use are related to continued violence between the incident and the month after sentencing. The relationship of probation requirements for drug and alcohol evaluation and treatment, reported drinking and drug problems, and self-reported need for treatment will be examined and differences between JOD sites and comparison sites presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on research that examined the police response to domestic violence. Analysis of police records revealed that the majority (60%) of domestic violence cases in the study sample did not result in arrest, despite the fact that a mandatory arrest policy was in effect. Supplemental fieldwork (police ride-a-longs and detective interviews) provided several explanations as to why arrest was used so infrequently by police. High call volume, victims desire not to prosecute, and lack of physical injury to the victim were reasons most often cited by officers. Analysis of incident report data also suggested a relationship between prior victimization and case outcome - cases involving repeat victims were less likely to result in arrest. In light of these findings, the efficacy of mandatory arrest policies is discussed, and alternate responses to domestic violence are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that for a substantial proportion of female victims of intimate partner violence, violence and threats do not end with marital separation. Women are often assaulted, threatened and killed by jealous and possessive partners (Block, 2000; Tjaden & Thoennes 2000; McFarlane et al, 1999). According to Statistics Canadas General Social Survey on Victimization (GSS), approximately 40% of women with a former violent partner reported violence after the couple had separated. Some research has shown that stalking can also occur while the relationship remains intact and forms part of a pattern of emotional abuse and mate guarding. A module on stalking was added to the GSS in 2004 (N = 25,000) to address important questions about the connections between intimate partner violence and stalking. This paper will examine predictors for verbal threats, physical and sexual assaults, emotional abuse, and stalking by male and female intimate partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are just a few researchers who focus on the intimate partner violence among the immigrant population, their studies have surprised the public with their finding that there is much higher occurrence of intimate partner violence among immigrant communities than usually expected, as well as higher underreporting rates (Ho, 1990; Rhee, 1997; Raj and Silverman, 2002). Intimate partner violence against immigrant women is becoming of one of the most serious problems in immigrants communities. However, the existing theories of explaining intimate partner violence are either insufficient or inaccurate to explain intimate partner violence among the immigrant communities (Bui and Mroash, 1999; Lee, 2002; Yoshihama, 1999). Generally speaking, most of them neglect the unique effects of immigration per se on immigrants living situation. In addition, most studies of the previous research are either based on sample samples of qualitative research and testimonies, or are limited to some homogenous groups. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for understanding the natures and reasons of intimate partner violence among the immigrant families in the United States by analyzing the data of Nature and Scope of Violence against Women 1996-1998. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common perceptions about female victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) emphasize that women either do not leave abusive partners (for various reasons) or, if they do, are likely to become involved in subsequent violent relationships. Yet, the extent to which women are, in fact, serial victims has not been adequately addressed. In this paper, I analyze data from both a nationally representative sample (the National Violence Against Women Survey) and a sample of 200 incarcerated women to answer two questions. First, I use latent class scaling techniques to determine patterns of serial victimization across relationships. Second, I combine these analyses with an investigation of the social correlates of victimization, making explicit comparisons across patterns of IPV. Policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debate continues over gender differences and similarities in intimate partner violence (IPV). Some argue that men and women are equally likely to be perpetrators of this crime, while others maintain that men are the primary offenders and women are the primary victims. Using police data from a large metropolitan area, this paper explores this issue. Questions asked include: do males and females differ in the frequency of their perpetration of IPV, do they differ in the context of their perpetration of IPV (severity, types of violence used, violence used in self-defense), do they differ in the consequences of their IPV, do the police respond differentially to male and female perpetrators, and are there differences between the quantiative and qualitative police data. Implications of the gender differences/ similiarites in IPV will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines efforts by Canadian fathers rights advocates to discredit feminist concerns about violence against women and children in child custody and domestic violence policy arenas. Based upon media statements and testimony presented to governmental committees between 1998 and 2003, I argue that the strident language and tactics of fathers rights advocacy situates its supporters as anti-citizens (Rose, 1999) against whom legislative safeguards are warranted (Bill C22). Minority parliamentarians on the right, however, demonstrate support for fathers rights claims that womens shelters and other feminist-supported services encourage false allegations, and that public funding of these initiatives should be withdrawn. This suggests that future policy prioritizing safety for women and children is contingent upon the continued political viability of the left in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the conclusions of an edited volume investigating similarities and differences in the response to family violence in European countries (Smeenk & Malsch, 2005). It examines how the criminal justice systems of the various countries treat family violence cases. Police responses to family violence received special attention, linking the criminal justice response with victim experiences of family violence. Nevertheless, the existence and importance of other intervention agencies was not neglected. Focusing on police interventions in each country provided valuable information about the law enforcement organisations involved, as well as institutions outside the legal system, thereby giving a more complete picture of how countries deal with the problem of family violence. Comparison at a European level also enabled the study of variations in legal definitions and penal codes, which influence the police response to reported incidents of family violence. More specifically, the volume addresses interactions between general attitudes towards family violence, task performance by the police, and new developments in the applicable law. This brought together insights from research, policy and practice, and as such, the answers will have implications for each of these fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies for addressing domestic violence have traditionally been strongly victim-focused, with a heavy emphasis on helping victims avoid patterns of intimacy with abusers, disengage from abusers with whom they are involved, physically remove themselves from abusive settings, and, ex post facto, address the damage created by abuse and patterns of abuse. Criminal justice strategies focused on offenders have not played a large part in thinking about preventing domestic violence. Where criminal justice strategies have played a prominent role, as in the movement toward mandatory arrest, they have often done so primarily as a means of signaling a social commitment to taking domestic violence seriously; as a way to force abusers into treatment; and/or as part of a long-term strategy to break the cycle of domestic violence rather than with any strong hope that abusive men will be effectively controlled. But in general there has been little hope evidenced that offenders could be powerfully and directly controlled through criminal justice strategies. This paper will address why this has been the case, explore what is known about the offending patterns of domestic violence perpetrators, and address innovative strategies for controlling such offenders. In particular, focused deterrence approaches taking advantage of the offending characteristics of the most serious domestic abusers will be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss how to build a domestic violence policy in the workplace. Current policies in the workplace will be examined, including various policies implemented by both private and public sector organizations. The viability of such policies will also be examined with suggestions for making sounder policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares and contrasts attitudes toward relationship violence held by college students in the US and the UK. It examines whether students view male and female victimization and perpetration differently, whether they attribute blame differently based on the gender of the victim, and whether a varieity of other attitudinal variables impact upon these belief systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]