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Objective: To review available data examining antidepressant use and incident urinary incontinence (UI)., Data Sources: PubMed was used to conduct the literature search for this review. In the primary search, the term "antidepressive agents" was searched as a medical subject heading, a pharmacological action, and a keyword phrase. This choice was made so that any relevant articles would include complete results for antidepressive agents. "Antidepressive agents" was combined with the key phrase "drug-induced urinary incontinence" to complete this primary search., Study Selection: Relevant articles published in English and examining human subjects were included., Data Extraction: The study authors determined appropriateness of articles for inclusion, focusing on those examining antidepressant-associated UI., Data Synthesis: This literature review identified three cohort studies and 11 case reports examining various associations between antidepressant use and incident UI., Conclusion: All 11 case reports and 1 cohort study reviewed suggest an association between antidepressant use and incident UI. It remains unclear which drugs are most problematic and which patients are at greatest risk, and more data are needed to confirm an association, especially in older adults. Comprehensive medication reviews should be employed by pharmacists to identify potential medication-related causes of UI.

Objective: A therapeutic failure (TF) is defined as a failure to accomplish the goals of treatment attributable to inadequate therapy, a drug-drug interaction that results in a subtherapeutic level for a drug, or medication nonadherence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with TF-related hospitalizations in older adults., Design: This investigation was a retrospective cohort study., Setting: This study was conducted within a university-based hospital setting., Patients: This investigation included patients with a primary care physician from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Senior Care Institute admitted to any UPMC hospital between September 1, 2011, and December 1, 2011., Interventions: Chart abstracts of patient records were screened for a TF using a validated tool called the Therapeutic Failure Questionnaire (TFQ). Covariate data were also obtained. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses using Fisher's exact tests were conducted to assess the association between the covariates and the primary outcome., Main Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome was the presence of a TF as measured by the TFQ. Secondary outcomes included associations between covariates and the presence of a TF., Results: Of the 93 hospitalizations screened, 57 met inclusion criteria, and 18% of hospitalizations were as a result of preventable TFs. On bivariate analyses, both congestive heart failure (P = 0.03) and dependency for medication management (P = 0.04) were significantly associated with occurrence of TF., Conclusions: TFs are a potentially preventable cause of hospitalization in the elderly population and are commonly caused by omission of therapy.