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Your search keyword '"Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic"' showing total 34 results
Start Over Author "Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic" Publisher american society for microbiology
34 results on '"Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic"'

1. A Germline-Targeting Chimpanzee SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Elicits a New Class of V2-Apex Directed Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies

Author

Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, primary, Russell, Ronnie M., additional, Ding, Wenge, additional, Liu, Weimin, additional, Li, Yingying, additional, Wagh, Kshitij, additional, Wrapp, Daniel, additional, Habib, Rumi, additional, Skelly, Ashwin N., additional, Roark, Ryan S., additional, Sherrill-Mix, Scott, additional, Wang, Shuyi, additional, Rando, Juliette, additional, Lindemuth, Emily, additional, Cruickshank, Kendra, additional, Park, Younghoon, additional, Baum, Rachel, additional, Carey, John W., additional, Connell, Andrew Jesse, additional, Li, Hui, additional, Giorgi, Elena E., additional, Song, Ge S., additional, Ding, Shilei, additional, Finzi, Andrés, additional, Newman, Amanda, additional, Hernandez, Giovanna E., additional, Machiele, Emily, additional, Cain, Derek W., additional, Mansouri, Katayoun, additional, Lewis, Mark G., additional, Montefiori, David C., additional, Wiehe, Kevin J., additional, Alam, S. Munir, additional, Teng, I-Ting, additional, Kwong, Peter D., additional, Andrabi, Raiees, additional, Verkoczy, Laurent, additional, Burton, Dennis R., additional, Korber, Bette T., additional, Saunders, Kevin O., additional, Haynes, Barton F., additional, Edwards, Robert J., additional, Shaw, George M., additional, and Hahn, Beatrice H., additional

Published
2023
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2. Convergent Evolution of HLA-C Downmodulation in HIV-1 and HIV-2

Author

Hopfensperger, Kristina, primary, Richard, Jonathan, additional, Stürzel, Christina M., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Apps, Richard, additional, Leoz, Marie, additional, Plantier, Jean-Christophe, additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, Finzi, Andrés, additional, Kirchhoff, Frank, additional, and Sauter, Daniel, additional

Published
2020
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3. Upregulation of BST-2 by Type I Interferons Reduces the Capacity of Vpu To Protect HIV-1-Infected Cells from NK Cell Responses

Author

Prévost, Jérémie, primary, Pickering, Suzanne, additional, Mumby, Mitchell J., additional, Medjahed, Halima, additional, Gendron-Lepage, Gabrielle, additional, Delgado, Gloria G., additional, Dirk, Brennan S., additional, Dikeakos, Jimmy D., additional, Stürzel, Christina M., additional, Sauter, Daniel, additional, Kirchhoff, Frank, additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, Dubé, Mathieu, additional, Kaufmann, Daniel E., additional, Neil, Stuart J. D., additional, Finzi, Andrés, additional, and Richard, Jonathan, additional

Published
2019
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4. Reply to Forni et al., “Multiple Selected Changes May Modulate the Molecular Interaction between Laverania RH5 and Primate Basigin”

Author

Plenderleith, Lindsey J., primary, Liu, Weimin, additional, MacLean, Oscar A., additional, Li, Yingying, additional, Loy, Dorothy E., additional, Sundararaman, Sesh A., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Learn, Gerald H., additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, and Sharp, Paul M., additional

Published
2018
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6. Efficient Vpu-Mediated Tetherin Antagonism by an HIV-1 Group O Strain

Author

Mack, Katharina, primary, Starz, Kathrin, additional, Sauter, Daniel, additional, Langer, Simon, additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Learn, Gerald H., additional, Stürzel, Christina M., additional, Leoz, Marie, additional, Plantier, Jean-Christophe, additional, Geyer, Matthias, additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, and Kirchhoff, Frank, additional

Published
2017
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7. Neutralization Properties of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses Infecting Chimpanzees and Gorillas

Author

Barbian, Hannah J., primary, Decker, Julie M., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Galimidi, Rachel P., additional, West, Anthony P., additional, Learn, Gerald H., additional, Parrish, Nicholas F., additional, Iyer, Shilpa S., additional, Li, Yingying, additional, Pace, Craig S., additional, Song, Ruijiang, additional, Huang, Yaoxing, additional, Denny, Thomas N., additional, Mouquet, Hugo, additional, Martin, Loic, additional, Acharya, Priyamvada, additional, Zhang, Baoshan, additional, Kwong, Peter D., additional, Mascola, John R., additional, Verrips, C. Theo, additional, Strokappe, Nika M., additional, Rutten, Lucy, additional, McCoy, Laura E., additional, Weiss, Robin A., additional, Brown, Corrine S., additional, Jackson, Raven, additional, Silvestri, Guido, additional, Connors, Mark, additional, Burton, Dennis R., additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Nussenzweig, Michel C., additional, Bjorkman, Pamela J., additional, Ho, David D., additional, Farzan, Michael, additional, and Hahn, Beatrice H., additional

Published
2015
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8. Epitope Mapping of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-2 Human Monoclonal Antibodies

Author

Kong, Rui, primary, Li, Hui, additional, Georgiev, Ivelin, additional, Changela, Anita, additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Decker, Julie M., additional, Rowland-Jones, Sarah L., additional, Jaye, Assan, additional, Guan, Yongjun, additional, Lewis, George K., additional, Langedijk, Johannes P. M., additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, Kwong, Peter D., additional, Robinson, James E., additional, and Shaw, George M., additional

Published
2012
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9. Eastern Chimpanzees, but Not Bonobos, Represent a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoir

Author

Li, Yingying, primary, Ndjango, Jean-Bosco, additional, Learn, Gerald H., additional, Ramirez, Miguel A., additional, Keele, Brandon F., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Liu, Weimin, additional, Easlick, Juliet L., additional, Decker, Julie M., additional, Rudicell, Rebecca S., additional, Inogwabini, Bila-Isia, additional, Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve, additional, Leendertz, Fabian H., additional, Reynolds, Vernon, additional, Muller, Martin N., additional, Chancellor, Rebecca L., additional, Rundus, Aaron S., additional, Simmons, Nicole, additional, Worobey, Michael, additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Peeters, Martine, additional, Sharp, Paul M., additional, and Hahn, Beatrice H., additional

Published
2012
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11. Potent Autologous and Heterologous Neutralizing Antibody Responses Occur in HIV-2 Infection across a Broad Range of Infection Outcomes

Author

de Silva, Thushan I., primary, Aasa-Chapman, Marlén, additional, Cotten, Matthew, additional, Hué, Stéphane, additional, Robinson, James, additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Sarge-Njie, Ramu, additional, Berry, Neil, additional, Jaye, Assan, additional, Aaby, Peter, additional, Whittle, Hilton, additional, Rowland-Jones, Sarah, additional, and Weiss, Robin, additional

Published
2012
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12. Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited in Natural HIV-2 Infection

Author

Kong, Rui, primary, Li, Hui, additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Decker, Julie M., additional, Zheng, Natalie N., additional, Gottlieb, Geoffrey S., additional, Kiviat, Nancy B., additional, Sow, Papa Salif, additional, Georgiev, Ivelin, additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, Kwong, Peter D., additional, Robinson, James E., additional, and Shaw, George M., additional

Published
2012
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13. The Presence of a vpu Gene and the Lack of Nef-Mediated Downmodulation of T Cell Receptor-CD3 Are Not Always Linked in Primate Lentiviruses

Author

Schmökel, Jan, primary, Sauter, Daniel, additional, Schindler, Michael, additional, Leendertz, Fabian H., additional, Bailes, Elizabeth, additional, Dazza, Marie-Christine, additional, Saragosti, Sentob, additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Peeters, Martine, additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, and Kirchhoff, Frank, additional

Published
2011
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15. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2)/HIV-1 Envelope Chimeras Detect High Titers of Broadly Reactive HIV-1 V3-Specific Antibodies in Human Plasma

Author

Davis, Katie L., primary, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Li, Hui, additional, Decker, Julie M., additional, Kutsch, Olaf, additional, Morris, Lynn, additional, Salomon, Aidy, additional, Pinter, Abraham, additional, Hoxie, James A., additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, Kwong, Peter D., additional, and Shaw, George M., additional

Published
2009
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16. Profiling the Specificity of Neutralizing Antibodies in a Large Panel of Plasmas from Patients Chronically Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes B and C

Author

Binley, James M., primary, Lybarger, Elizabeth A., additional, Crooks, Emma T., additional, Seaman, Michael S., additional, Gray, Elin, additional, Davis, Katie L., additional, Decker, Julie M., additional, Wycuff, Diane, additional, Harris, Linda, additional, Hawkins, Natalie, additional, Wood, Blake, additional, Nathe, Cory, additional, Richman, Douglas, additional, Tomaras, Georgia D., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Robinson, James E., additional, Morris, Lynn, additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Montefiori, David C., additional, and Mascola, John R., additional

Published
2008
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20. Evidence for Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Titers and Compact Envelopes in Early Infection with Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Author

Li, Bing, primary, Decker, Julie M., additional, Johnson, Roy W., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Wei, Xiping, additional, Mulenga, Joseph, additional, Allen, Susan, additional, Hunter, Eric, additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Blackwell, Jerry L., additional, and Derdeyn, Cynthia A., additional

Published
2007
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21. Unique Mutational Patterns in the Envelope α2 Amphipathic Helix and Acquisition of Length in gp120 Hypervariable Domains Are Associated with Resistance to Autologous Neutralization of Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Author

Rong, Rong, primary, Gnanakaran, S., additional, Decker, Julie M., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Taylor, Jesse, additional, Sfakianos, Jeffrey N., additional, Mokili, John L., additional, Muldoon, Mark, additional, Mulenga, Joseph, additional, Allen, Susan, additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Blackwell, Jerry L., additional, Korber, Bette T., additional, Hunter, Eric, additional, and Derdeyn, Cynthia A., additional

Published
2007
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22. Evidence for Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Titers and Compact Envelopes in Early Infection with Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Author

Li, Bing, primary, Decker, Julie M., additional, Johnson, Roy W., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Wei, Xiping, additional, Mulenga, Joseph, additional, Allen, Susan, additional, Hunter, Eric, additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Blackwell, Jerry L., additional, and Derdeyn, Cynthia A., additional

Published
2006
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23. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Free-Ranging Sooty Mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys atys ) from the Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire: Implications for the Origin of Epidemic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2

Author

Santiago, Mario L., primary, Range, Friederike, additional, Keele, Brandon F., additional, Li, Yingying, additional, Bailes, Elizabeth, additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Fruteau, Cecile, additional, Noë, Ronald, additional, Peeters, Martine, additional, Brookfield, John F. Y., additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Sharp, Paul M., additional, and Hahn, Beatrice H., additional

Published
2006
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24. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Free-Ranging Sooty Mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys atys ) from the Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire: Implications for the Origin of Epidemic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2

Author

Santiago, Mario L., primary, Range, Friederike, additional, Keele, Brandon F., additional, Li, Yingying, additional, Bailes, Elizabeth, additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Fruteau, Cecile, additional, Noë, Ronald, additional, Peeters, Martine, additional, Brookfield, John F. Y., additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Sharp, Paul M., additional, and Hahn, Beatrice H., additional

Published
2005
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26. New Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infecting De Brazza's Monkeys ( Cercopithecus neglectus ): Evidence for a Cercopithecus Monkey Virus Clade

Author

Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, primary, Bailes, Elizabeth, additional, Gao, Feng, additional, Pourrut, Xavier, additional, Barlow, Katrina L., additional, Clewley, Jonathan P., additional, Mwenda, Jason M., additional, Langat, Daudi K., additional, Chege, Gerald K., additional, McClure, Harold M., additional, Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel, additional, Delaporte, Eric, additional, Peeters, Martine, additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Sharp, Paul M., additional, and Hahn, Beatrice H., additional

Published
2004
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27. Nef Proteins from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Chimpanzees Interact with p21-Activated Kinase 2 and Modulate Cell Surface Expression of Various Human Receptors

Author

Kirchhoff, Frank, primary, Schindler, Michael, additional, Bailer, Nicola, additional, Renkema, G. Herma, additional, Saksela, Kalle, additional, Knoop, Volker, additional, Müller-Trutwin, Michaela C., additional, Santiago, Mario L., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Dittmar, Matthias T., additional, Heeney, Jonathan L., additional, Hahn, Beatrice H., additional, and Münch, Jan, additional

Published
2004
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28. Foci of Endemic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Wild-Living Eastern Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii )

Author

Santiago, Mario L., primary, Lukasik, Magdalena, additional, Kamenya, Shadrack, additional, Li, Yingying, additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Bailes, Elizabeth, additional, Muller, Martin N., additional, Emery, Melissa, additional, Goldenberg, David A., additional, Lwanga, Jeremiah S., additional, Ayouba, Ahidjo, additional, Nerrienet, Eric, additional, McClure, Harold M., additional, Heeney, Jonathan L., additional, Watts, David P., additional, Pusey, Anne E., additional, Collins, D. Anthony, additional, Wrangham, Richard W., additional, Goodall, Jane, additional, Brookfield, John F. Y., additional, Sharp, Paul M., additional, Shaw, George M., additional, and Hahn, Beatrice H., additional

Published
2003
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29. Amplification of a Complete Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Genome from Fecal RNA of a Wild Chimpanzee

Author

Santiago, Mario L., primary, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Bailes, Elizabeth, additional, Kamenya, Shadrack, additional, Muller, Martin N., additional, Lukasik, Magdalena, additional, Pusey, Anne E., additional, Collins, D. Anthony, additional, Wrangham, Richard W., additional, Goodall, Jane, additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Sharp, Paul M., additional, and Hahn, Beatrice H., additional

Published
2003
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30. An Isolate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Originally Classified as Subtype I Represents a Complex Mosaic Comprising Three Different Group M Subtypes (A, G, and I)

Author

Gao, Feng, primary, Robertson, David L., additional, Carruthers, Catherine D., additional, Li, Yingying, additional, Bailes, Elizabeth, additional, Kostrikis, Leondios G., additional, Salminen, Mika O., additional, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, additional, Peeters, Martine, additional, Ho, David D., additional, Shaw, George M., additional, Sharp, Paul M., additional, and Hahn, Beatrice H., additional

Published
1998
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31. Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited in Natural HIV-2 Infection.

Author

Rui Kong, Hui Li, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, Decker, Julie M., Zheng, Natalie N., Gottlieb, Geoffrey S., Kiviat, Nancy B., Sow, Papa Salif, Georgiev, Ivelin, Hahn, Beatrice H., Kwong, Peter D., Robinson, James E., and Shaw, George M.

Subjects
*IMMUNOGLOBULINS, *HIV infections
Abstract

An abstract of the article "Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited in Natural HIV-2 Infection," by Rui Kong and colleagues is presented.

Published
2012
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32. Eastern Chimpanzees, but Not Bonobos, Represent a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoir.

Author

Yingying Li, Ndjango, Jean-Bosco, Learn, Gerald H., Ramirez, Miguel A., Keele, Brandon F., Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, Weimin Liu, Easlick, Juliet L., Decker, Julie M., Rudicell, Rebecca S., Inogwabini, Bila-Isia, Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve, Leendertz, Fabian H., Reynolds, Vernon, Muller, Martin N., Chancellor, Rebecca L., Rundus, Aaron S., Simmons, Nicole, Worobey, Michael, and Shaw, George M.

Subjects
*SIMIAN immunodeficiency virus diseases, *CHIMPANZEES, *NONINVASIVE diagnostic tests, *COLONIZATION (Ecology), *RNA viruses, *DISEASES
Abstract

Chimpanzees in west central Africa (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) are endemically infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpzPtt) that have crossed the species barrier to humans and gorillas on at least five occasions, generating pandemic and nonpandemic forms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as well as gorilla SIV (SIVgor). Chimpanzees in east Africa (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are also infected with SIVcpz; however, their viruses (SIVcpzPts) have never been found in humans. To examine whether this is due to a paucity of natural infections, we used noninvasive methods to screen wild-living eastern chimpanzees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Uganda, and Rwanda. We also screened bonobos (Pan paniscus) in the DRC, a species not previously tested for SIV in the wild. Fecal samples (n = 3,108) were collected at 50 field sites, tested for species and subspecies origin, and screened for SIVcpz antibodies and nucleic acids. Of 2,565 samples from eastern chimpanzees, 323 were antibody positive and 92 contained viral RNA. The antibody-positive samples represented 76 individuals from 19 field sites, all sampled north of the Congo River in an area spanning 250,000 km2. In this region, SIVcpzPts was common and widespread, with seven field sites exhibiting infection rates of 30% or greater. The overall prevalence of SIVcpzPts infection was 13.4% (95% confidence interval, 10.7% to 16.5%). In contrast, none of the 543 bonobo samples from six sites was antibody positive. All newly identified SIVcpzPts strains clustered in strict accordance to their subspecies origin; however, they exhibited considerable genetic diversity, especially in protein domains known to be under strong host selection pressure. Thus, the absence of SIVcpzPts zoonoses cannot be explained by an insufficient primate reservoir. Instead, greater adaptive hurdles may have prevented the successful colonization of humans by P. t. schweinfurthii viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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33. Evidence for Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Titers and Compact Envelopes in Early Infection with Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.

Author

Bing Li, Decker, Julie M., Johnson, Roy W., Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, Xiping Wei, Mulenga, Joseph, Allen, Susan, Hunter, Eric, Hahn, Beatrice H., Shaw, George M., Blackwell, Jerry L., and A. Derdeyn, Cynthia

Subjects
*IMMUNOGLOBULINS, *AIDS, *HIV, *HETEROSEXUALS, *IMMUNODEFICIENCY
Abstract

Information about neutralizing antibody responses in subtype C-infected individuals is limited, even though this viral subtype causes the majority of AIDS cases worldwide. Here we compared the course and magnitude of the autologous neutralizing antibody (NAb) response against viral envelope (Env) glycoproteins present during acute and early infection with subtypes B and C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). NAb responses were evaluated in 6 subtype B-infected and 11 subtype C-infected subjects over a mean evaluation period of 25 months using a pseudovirus reporter gene assay. All subjects in the C cohort were infected through heterosexual contact, while five of the six subjects in the B cohort were infected via male-to-male contact. The kinetics and magnitude of the NAb responses varied among subjects in the B and C cohorts; however, the median 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 titer) reached by antibody in the plasma of subtype C-infected subjects, overall, was 3.5-fold higher than in the subtype B-infected subjects (P = 0.06). The higher titers of NAbs in the C cohort were associated with viruses having significantly shorter amino acid length (P = 0.002) in the V1 to V4 region of the surface Env glycoprotein, gp120, compared to the B cohort. Despite the potency of the autologous subtype C Nab response, it was not directed against cross-neutralizing epitopes. These data demonstrate that subtype C Envs elicit a potent yet restricted NAb response early in infection that frequently reaches IC50 titers in excess of 1:1,000 and suggest that clade-specific differences may exist in Env immunogenicity or susceptibility to neutralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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34. Unique mutational patterns in the envelope alpha 2 amphipathic helix and acquisition of length in gp120 hypervariable domains are associated with resistance to autologous neutralization of subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Author

Rong R, Gnanakaran S, Decker JM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Taylor J, Sfakianos JN, Mokili JL, Muldoon M, Mulenga J, Allen S, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Blackwell JL, Korber BT, Hunter E, and Derdeyn CA

Subjects
Amino Acid Sequence, HIV Antibodies metabolism, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 immunology, HIV-1 classification, HIV-1 immunology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Neutralization Tests, Protein Structure, Secondary genetics, Protein Structure, Tertiary genetics, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 genetics, HIV-1 genetics, Mutation
Abstract

Autologous neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 generate viral escape variants; however, the mechanisms of escape are not clearly defined. In a previous study, we determined the susceptibilities of 48 donor and 25 recipient envelope (Env) glycoproteins from five subtype C heterosexual transmission pairs to NAb in donor plasma by using a virus pseudotyping assay, thereby providing an ideal setting to probe the determinants of susceptibility to neutralization. In the present study, acquisition of length in the Env gp120 hypervariable domains was shown to correlate with resistance to NAb in donor plasma (P = 0.01; Kendall's tau test) but not in heterologous plasma. Sequence divergence in the gp120 V1-to-V4 region also correlated with resistance to donor (P = 0.0002) and heterologous (P = 0.001) NAb. A mutual information analysis suggested possible associations of nine amino acid positions in V1 to V4 with NAb resistance to the donor's antibodies, and five of these were located within an 18-residue amphipathic helix (alpha2) located on the gp120 outer domain. High nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitution (dN/dS) ratios, indicative of positive selection, were also found at these five positions in subtype C sequences in the database. Nevertheless, exchange of the entire alpha2 helix between resistant donor Envs and sensitive recipient Envs did not alter the NAb phenotype. The combined mutual information and dN/dS analyses suggest that unique mutational patterns in alpha2 and insertions in the V1-to-V4 region are associated with NAb resistance during subtype C infection but that the selected positions within the alpha2 helix must be linked to still other changes in Env to confer antibody escape. These findings suggest that subtype C viruses utilize mutations in the alpha2 helix for efficient viral replication and immune avoidance.

Published
2007
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