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Previous research has indicated that engaging in art activities is beneficial to both psychological and physical well-being; however, few studies have examined the link between attitudes toward art and well-being. In the present study, we have termed a positive and appreciative attitude toward art as savoring art and have investigated the relationship between savoring art and individual well-being. Study 1 (N = 501) examined the associations between savoring art and psychological well-being (PWB) as well as subjective well-being (SWB), the two most widely used terms for meaningful and hedonic happiness, respectively. The results suggested that savoring art was linked to a greater level of both PWB and SWB. Furthermore, Study 2 (N = 144) demonstrated that savoring art correlated with reduced biological health risk, as measured by objective biomarkers for inflammation and hypertension. The results from the present study highlight the potential psychological and physical benefits of savoring art, regardless of individuals' socioeconomic condition, level of openness to experience, or art engagement frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer (i.e., sexual minority [SM]) youth, coming out is an important developmental milestone and is typically associated with positive well-being. However, coming out in high school may entail a higher risk of school-based victimization. Due to the greater risk of homophobic bullying, the implications of being out in adolescence and well-being later in adulthood remain unclear. Using data from a national probability survey (Generations Study) of three distinct age cohorts of SM adults (N = 1,474) in the United States, this study (a) examined how being out at school in adolescence affects general well-being in adulthood and (b) SM-specific well-being in adulthood, and (c) examined if these associations differ by cohort. Results from multivariate regression analyses demonstrated that being out in adolescence was not significantly associated with general well-being, but was significantly associated with SM-specific well-being: higher rates of identity centrality and community connectedness, and lower rates of internalized homophobia. There were no cohort differences in the associations between outness in high school, general well-being, and SM well-being. The findings from this national probability sample of SM adults provide novel insight into implications of being out across the life course, including the positive implications of being out at school in adolescence for SM-specific well-being in adulthood. Public Significance Statement: The study suggests that despite the risk of homophobic bullying, being out in school during adolescence has positive effects on sexual minority (SM) well-being in adulthood. This finding advances our understanding of the long-term developmental implications of being out in school for SM individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have focused on the relationship between a sense of meaning in life and mental health in adults; this relationship has yet to be explored in children. The current study aimed to explore the possible relationship between meaning and mental health and behavior. Participants were recruited through Canadian schools and places of worship. Datawere collected from 62 children ages 6-12 through two online, anonymous, video-based questionnaires. Regression and correlational analyses determined that a child's sense of meaning ("meaning mindset") was associated with self-reported mental health and positive behavior. Results showed that meaning significantly predicted mental health and positive behavior (β =.90, p,.001), accounting for 50% of the variance. The frequency with which a child attended a religious institution was not related to mental health or meaning. Future studies should continue to explore the relationship between meaning mindset and childhood well-being, while also exploring methods to foster its growth. The results of this study highlight the importance of using meaning-based approaches in both treating mental illness in children as well as in preventing it. Meaning measures could also be used to determine which children may be at risk for difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of nature for social, cognitive, physical, and emotionalwell-being have been well documented in counseling and well-being research, highlighting its capacity for building restoration and resilience. Less research has adopted a more focused exploration of the role of nature for the understanding of self for enhancing well-being. Using a phenomenological approach, the aim was to explore how nature assists the understanding and experience of self as a resource for well-being, within the emerging field of walking coaching. Five semistructured interviews were conducted with walking coaching clients and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three superordinate themeswere developed: creating fluidity and clarity in thought, nature's wisdom: learning and knowing through being, and acceptance and restoration of self. The participants' subjective experiences illustrate hownature enabled a process of discovery that started with seeking clarity and led to a position of self-acceptance. Such a discovery was prompted by cues and immersion in the natural environment that participants believed could not be experienced indoors. The study not only highlights the importance and appropriateness of IPA as a qualitative methodology for understanding coaching experiences, but also encourages coaches and clients to consider the insightful and restorative benefits of taking their coaching outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceived collective (or group) continuity (PCC) is the perception of a link between a group's past, present, and future in both aspects: via permanent cultural traits (e.g., values, beliefs, traditions, habits) that are transmitted (essentialist PCC) or historical group events that are part of a causal-effect chain (narrativist PCC). PCC has not been investigated in the particular historical context of France. Moreover, previous studies have often focused on the beneficial effects of PCC as a whole (i.e., without considering these two dimensions independently), such as on social well-being (e.g., Sani et al., 2007). The initial objective of this research (Study 1), using a cross-sectional design, was to validate a French version of the PCC scale. Results showed that PCC had psychometric qualities that were quite satisfactory. This research also aimed, using a longitudinal design (Study 2), to test whether PCC and essentialist PCC, more than narrativist PCC, had a positive mediated effect on individual well-being (here satisfaction with personal life). Hypotheses were partially confirmed. But in general, the more French participants perceived collective continuity and the more they perceived their group to be an entity, the more strongly they identified with their group and the more satisfied they were with their life. These results and the experimental limits allow us to propose a set of recommendations and reflections for future research on collective continuity, and their bearing on and implications for individual and group dynamics. Public Significance Statement: The perception of collective continuity (i.e., the perception of a link between the past, present, and future of a group on two main domains: narrativist—link between historical events and essentialist—permanent group traits) can be assessed from a self-reported questionnaire in the French national context. Then, essentialist and collective continuity are positively associated with better personal life satisfaction (through group entitativity perception and French national identification). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infusion of multicultural factors into all aspects of training, research, and service is an expected competency for professionals in health service psychology. This includes skills in multicultural case conceptualization, the basis upon which diagnoses, and treatment interventions are selected. However, there is a paucity of research on the effects of training on multicultural case conceptualization ability and limited evidence of its effectiveness. Using a single-case research design, this study addressed this inadequacy by training doctoral students to interpret and integrate multicultural factors in their case conceptualizations. Results indicated no functional relationship between the training intervention and multicultural case conceptualization skills. A combination of statistical and visual analyses indicated weak effects of the intervention for two participants and a counter to the intended direction of effect for one participant. The limitations of the study and valuable insights are discussed, raising important implications for future research and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/Objective: In schizophrenia, insight, the recognition that one has a medical illness that requires treatment, has long been related to deteriorated quality of life. Yet, insight and quality of life are broad constructs that encompass several dimensions. Here, we investigated differential associations between insight and quality-of-life dimensions using a psychological network approach. Research Method/Design: We extracted data from the French network of rehabilitation centers REHABase (January 2016 to December 2022, N = 1,056). Our psychological network analysis modeled insight and quality of life as a network of interacting dimensions: three insight dimensions (awareness of illness, reattribution of symptoms to the disease, and recognition of treatment need) and eight quality-of-life dimensions (autonomy, physical and psychosocial well-being, relationships with family, friends and romantic partners, resilience, and self-esteem). Results: Insight was negatively associated with quality of life. Our psychological network analysis revealed a strong negative association between awareness of disease and self-esteem. Both dimensions were the strongest nodes in the overall network. Our network analysis also revealed a significant but positive connection between recognition of treatment needs and resilience. Conclusion/Implications: While insight and quality of life are overall negatively associated, we found both negative and positive connections between insight and quality-of-life dimensions. The negative relationship between insight and quality of life may reflect the deleterious effects of diagnostic labeling on a patient's self-esteem. Yet, acknowledgment of treatment needs may have positive effects on quality of life and may promote recovery, perhaps because it emphasizes the need for support rather than labels and abnormalities. Impact and Implications: As they try to educate their patients with schizophrenia on the nature of their diagnosis, clinicians should be aware of the so-called insight paradox, where increased insight is associated with decreased quality of life. Our findings suggest that rehabilitation treatment interventions aiming to improve quality of life may focus on self-esteem, in addition to helping patients obtain necessary resources and valued roles in society. Our findings also suggest that psychoeducation programs should focus on the need for treatment rather than disease labeling and abnormalities to prevent the deterioration of self-esteem and promote resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia have a major impact on functioning; however, they remain poorly targeted by available treatment offerings. Cognitive remediation (CR) is effective in improving neurocognition and functioning. Despite clinical guidelines for schizophrenia recommending CR, it is still not readily available in clinical services and sizeable attrition rates are reported in clinical trials. Method: To elucidate the barriers and facilitators of CR access and engagement, we conducted a mixed methods qualitative-dominant study with 12 clinicians in Australia, in 2021, with 1 hr interviews and additional rating scales completed. Results: Thematic analysis highlighted four themes (cognitive symptoms, CR intervention, motivation and engagement in CR, and CR implementation), and 14 subthemes. Clinicians emphasized the broad impact of cognitive deficits and outlined pros and cons of different CR approaches. Several factors were suggested as impacting engagement, including motivation assessments/techniques, neurocognitive insight, illness, and demographic factors. Lack of routine implementation in Australia was unanimously espoused and partly explained by a need for cost-effectiveness analyses, remote and flexible delivery, and increasing service resource provision and staff training in CR. Conclusions: This study offers key insights into CR access, while recommending methods for optimizing CR implementation and dissemination to improve recovery outcomes of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Impact and Implications: This study highlights that clinicians in our sample were highly aware of the pervasive impact of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia and advocated for the implementation and dissemination of cognitive remediation (CR) in routine mental health services, locally and across the world. To optimize both access and engagement, clinicians suggest greater flexibility of delivery and greater contextualization in available programs, notably with consideration to consumer preferences, goals, and barriers. Increasing cognitive literacy in consumers—through psychoeducation, for example—is also key. Our results suggest that clinical services may not provide access to CR to people perceived at higher risk for dropout notably because of a lack of appropriate resources to support them; yet, these patients could benefit. Suggested improvements in access to staff training, increased funding, and advocacy of CR benefits in clinical services and to policy makers, as well as further cost-effectiveness and implementation research, would improve CR dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty, a social determinant of health, disproportionately affects families with children. Public and private safety nets, or support networks available in times of need, can help address poverty and its consequences. Independently, strong safety nets (public or private) promote health and well-being, yet little is known about how private and public safety nets combine and evolve over time. Using latent class and latent transition analyses, this study examined public and private safety net configurations of mothers with low-income, sociodemographic characteristics associated with these configurations, and safety net changes over time. Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study from child ages 1, 5, and 9 (N = 2,251), results indicated that mothers were sorted into four safety net configurations (public support only, private support only, all high, and all low) and 30%–53% of each class of mothers transitioned from one safety net configuration to another at the next neighboring wave, underscoring the importance of examining both public and private supports simultaneously and longitudinally. Membership in configurations with low private support (e.g., public only, all low) and sociodemographic disadvantage (e.g., more poverty, recent experience of hardship) predicted transitions, commonly leaving mothers without advantage in the riskiest safety nets. To promote a more responsive, equitable safety net, lengthening public safety net program certification periods and increasing outreach efforts (e.g., through schools, churches) to potentially eligible mothers could strengthen and stabilize safety nets to lessen poverty and its consequences for economically marginalized families. Public Policy Relevance Statement: The potential benefits of public and private safety nets, or support networks available in times of need, are clear. Study findings suggested four safety net configurations, and mothers, particularly those facing high disadvantage, were susceptible to risky safety nets and instability. Broadening program outreach and lessening the burden of program receipt could be valuable approaches in decreasing poverty and its consequences for economically marginalized families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing recognition that thoughts often arise independently of external demands. These thoughts can span from reminiscing your last vacation to contemplating career goals to fantasizing about meeting your favorite musician. Often referred to as mind wandering, such frequently occurring unprompted thoughts have widespread impact on our daily functions, with the dominant narrative converging on a negative relationship between unprompted thought and affective well-being. In this systematic review of 76 studies, we implemented a meta-analysis and qualitative review to elucidate if and when unprompted thought is indeed negatively associated with affective well-being in adults. Using a multilevel mixed-model approach on 386 effect sizes from 23,168 participants across 64 studies, our meta-analyses indicated an overall relationship between unprompted thought and worse affective well-being (r ¯ = −.18, 95% CI [−.23, −.14]); however, the magnitude and direction of this relationship changed when considering specific aspects of the phenomenon (including thought content and intentionality) and methodological approaches (including questionnaires vs. experience sampling). The qualitative review further contextualizes this relationship by revealing the nuances of how and when unprompted thought is associated with affective well-being. Taken together, our meta-analysis and qualitative review indicate that the commonly reported relationship between unprompted thought and affective well-being is contingent upon the content and conceptualization of unprompted thought, as well as the methodological and analytic approaches implemented. Based on these findings, we propose emerging directions for future empirical and theoretical work that highlight the importance of accounting for when, how, and for whom unprompted thought is associated with affective well-being. Public Significance Statement: A large portion of our mental content is "unprompted" by nature such that it is unrelated to the ongoing task or our physical surroundings. Our meta-analytic review provides a comprehensive overview of how unprompted thought relates to how we feel, revealing that unprompted thoughts are generally associated with reduced affective well-being. Notably, this relationship was mitigated and at times reversed depending on the content of unprompted thought as well as how it was defined and measured. We found that unprompted thoughts were associated with worse affective well-being only when thoughts were unintentional, ruminative, and contain negative content. In fact, this relationship was not reliable when time-sensitive measures were used, and it even turned positive during future-oriented, positive, or freely moving thoughts. Taken together, we found that the type and content of unprompted thought can determine whether it is linked to our happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood adversity can have detrimental impacts on life course mental and physical health. Timing, nature, severity, and chronicity of adversity are thought to explain much of the variability in health and developmental outcomes among exposed individuals. The current study seeks to characterize heterogeneity in adverse experiences over time at the individual, family, and neighborhood domains in a cohort of predominantly Black children (85% Black and 15% White, 46.2% girls, 67.2% free/reduced lunch in first grade), and to examine associations with mental health from sixth grade to age 26. Participants were part of a randomized universal preventive interventions trial in first grade with prospective follow-up through early adulthood. Separate models characterized heterogeneity in adversity in elementary, middle, and high schools. Changes in adversity over time and relationships with mental health (anxiety, depression, suicidal behaviors) were investigated using a random-intercept latent transition analysis (RI-LTA). We identified three-class solutions in early childhood, middle school, and high school. Generally, both a higher and a lower poly-adversity class were observed at each time point, with varying nature of adversity characterized by the third class. RI-LTA indicated prevalent within-individual changes in adverse exposure over time and differential associations with mental health and suicidal behaviors. Results suggest that treating adverse exposures as a static construct may limit the ability to characterize salient variation over time. Identifying complexity in adverse experiences and their relation to health and well-being is key for developing and implementing effective prevention and early intervention efforts to mitigate negative effects through the life course. Public Significance Statement: Children are exposed to changing forms of adversity across development with differential impacts on mental health. Focusing on repeated, adaptive, coordinated, and multilevel preventive mental health efforts will be crucial to support the well-being of children and adolescents throughout the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food insecurity poses a serious threat to children's development, but the mechanisms through which food insecurity undermines child development are far less clear. Specifically, food insecurity may influence children through its effect on parents' psychological well-being and parent–child interactions as a result, but past research on the role of parents is correlational and undermined by omitted variable bias. Using a partially rural, low-income sample of parents living in Pennsylvania (N = 272, 90% mother, Mage = 35) and their school-aged children (ages 4–11, 50% female) alongside daily measures of parent-reported food insecurity and parent and child mood and behavior, we examine how daily changes in food insecurity predict daily changes in parent and child well-being, and the extent to which food insecurity operates through parents to affect children. This method not only explores families' daily, lived experiences of food insecurity, but improves upon the methodological issues undermining past research. Findings indicate that food insecurity influences parent and child well-being on a daily basis, but that associations are stronger and sustain longer for parents than children. Further, parent mood and behavior partially explain the association between daily food insecurity and child mood and behavior, but food insecurity is also independently associated with child well-being. This study is the first to examine daily associations between food insecurity and parent and child well-being. Its implications for food assistance programs, policies, and the future of food insecurity research are discussed. Public Significance Statement: Using daily observations, this study finds that food insecurity is associated with decreased well-being for parents and children on daily basis. Associations are stronger and last longer for parents than children, and daily food insecurity partially works through parent well-being to influence children. These results are an important building block in understanding how the well-documented, long-term effects of food insecurity on child outcomes develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous meta-analyses, the true extent to which life satisfaction reflects personality traits has remained unclear due to overreliance on a single method to assess both and insufficient attention to construct overlaps. Using data from three samples tested in different languages (Estonian, N = 20,886; Russian, N = 768; English, N = 600), we combined self- and informant-reports to estimate personality domains' and nuances' true correlations (rtrue) with general life satisfaction (LS) and satisfactions with eight life domains (DSs), while controlling for single-method and occasion-specific biases and random error, and avoiding direct construct overlaps. The associations replicated well across samples. The Big Five domains and nuances allowed predicting LS with accuracies up to rtrue ≈.80–.90 in independent (sub)samples. Emotional stability, extraversion, and conscientiousness correlated rtrue ≈.30–.50 with LS, while its correlations with openness and agreeableness were small. At the nuances level, low LS was most strongly associated with feeling misunderstood, unexcited, indecisive, envious, bored, used, unable, and unrewarded (rtrue ≈.40–.70). Supporting LS's construct validity, DSs had similar personality correlates among themselves and with LS, and an aggregated DS correlated rtrue ≈.90 with LS. LS's approximately 10-year stability was rtrue =.70 and its longitudinal associations with personality traits mirrored cross-sectional ones. We conclude that without common measurement limitations, most people's life satisfaction is highly consistent with their personality traits, even across many years. So, satisfaction is usually shaped by these same relatively stable factors that shape personality traits more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When children reach a certain age of maturity, middle-aged parents often reflect on their parenting, harboring continuous worries about their adult children. These parenting experiences are also shared within couples and continue to impact parents' well-being. Utilizing couple data from the 2010 Korean Baby Boomer Panel Study, we examined the dyadic associations of worry about child issues and psychological well-being among middle-aged couples (N = 1,091; aged 47–55) who have at least one adult child (Mage = 23.13 years). Results from the actor–partner interdependence model showed that one's own parental worry was significantly associated with psychological well-being for both husbands and wives (i.e., actor effects). Further, wives' worry about children was significantly associated with husbands' psychological well-being (i.e., partner effects)—but not vice versa. These findings highlight that aspects of parenting not only impact children but also extend to the linked lives of midlife parents themselves. Research on parental experiences at the couple level may inform interventions to enhance middle-aged parents' well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrimination is a chronic stressor for Black Americans that occurs alongside other social positions and has implications for personal and relational well-being. Using data from the Survey of Midlife in the United States, this study examined the relative and multiplicative effects of gender and financial strain on the links between discrimination and personal and relational well-being among Black Americans in romantic relationships (N = 443). Results indicate that financial strain was associated with poorer personal well-being and that being female was associated with poorer relational well-being. Further, among women (but not men), discrimination was associated with poorer quality of life across levels of financial strain. The findings speak to the potential resilience of Black individuals and their relationships in the face of discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined bidirectional associations between mothers' homework involvement (autonomy support and psychological control in homework situations), Finnish adolescents' academic motivation (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation), and school well-being (school satisfaction, school-related stress) across the transitions to lower and upper secondary school. The sample consisted of Finnish adolescents (n = 841; 457 girls; age 12 at T1) and their mothers (n = 652; T1). The results showed that increased levels of maternal psychological control in Grade 7 predicted adolescents' decreased school satisfaction in Grade 9 but only indirectly via increased amotivation. In turn, adolescents' increased levels of school satisfaction decreased maternal psychological control via increased intrinsic motivation within Grade 9 and the first year of upper secondary education. Taken together, more knowledge and understanding should be provided to mothers to help them to support adolescents' motivation and school well-being in more optimal ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of racial–ethnic–cultural (REC) belonging for Black, Indigenous, and other people of color (BIPOC). The iBelong Scale was designed to assess the multidimensional components of REC belonging across diverse BIPOC groups. The scale was constructed based on a grounded conceptual framework of REC belonging, and the initial pool of items received feedback from community members and content experts. Validation of the iBelong Scale comprised data from 808 BIPOC participants collected across three interrelated studies for the purposes of initial validation, construct validity, and test–retest reliability. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis yielded a 25-item scale with five factors: (a) Home, (b) Connection, (c) Authenticity, (d) REC Thriving, and (e) Self-Definition. Results from Study 2's confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the five-factor model was an acceptable fit of the data and the best fit among competing models. Measurement invariance was assessed, and results indicated that the iBelong Scale measures REC belonging similarly across differing BIPOC groups. The iBelong Scale was related to a range of measures in theoretically expected ways, including positive associations with general belonging, racial/ethnic identity, and general well-being, and negative associations with loneliness and REC nonbelonging. Findings from Study 3 indicated the test–retest reliability of the iBelong Scale over a 2-week period. Limitations of the studies and implications for research and practice are discussed. Public Significance Statement: This article discusses the construction and validation of the iBelong Scale, a measure of belonging for Black, Indigenous, and other people of color (BIPOC) in relation to their racial–ethnic–cultural identities. The iBelong Scale can be useful for researchers studying BIPOC identity, belonging, and wellness, and counselors working with BIPOC in assessment and therapeutic avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small but growing body of research suggests that prosocial motivation (i.e., the desire to act for the benefit or welfare of others) may enhance creativity. Most of the relevant research on this topic, however, has focused on creativity in business or everyday life settings. The present studies are the first to examine the nature and potential role of prosocial motivation in the arts and sciences specifically. This project used a qualitative-to-quantitative approach to anchor its operationalization of prosocial motivation in the lived experiences of creators. Study 1, a qualitative study of 56 professional artists and scientists, provided a rich list of self-reported conscious motivations (including prosocial) for creative work in these two domains. Study 2, a cross-sectional study of 972 graduate students in artistic and scientific fields, validated a new self-report scale based on results of Study 1. Factor analyses revealed three types of motivation (prosocial, emotional, intellectual) and one process (sense of audience). Study 2 also showed that associations between these variables and outcomes related to creativity and well-being differed between the arts and sciences. Taken together, results of these studies confirm that prosocial motivation is an important but understudied aspect of creative work. They also highlight the promise of bridging different areas of research in psychology in order to provide a comprehensive examination of potential antecedents and outcomes of creative behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The putative associations between creative adaptability and the experience of emotional well-being (i.e., a positivity ratio of more positive than negative emotions) was investigated during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak with a sample of 1,432 adults from four countries: Israel (n = 310), United States (n = 312), Italy (n = 378), and China (n = 569). Country differences and a mediation model for creative adaptability predicting emotional well-being through creative self-efficacy, resilient coping, and emotion regulation (reappraisal and suppression) were examined. The findings point to slight differences in countries, which are potentially due not only to the culture but also to the phase of the pandemic. More consistently, creative adaptability was positively associated with creative self-efficacy, resilient coping, and reappraisal emotion regulation in all countries. Regarding mediation, in the Israeli, Italian, and Chinese samples, creative adaptability was positively related to resilient coping, which was positively related to emotional well-being. Similar relations were found for creative self-efficacy as a mediator in the United States and Chinese samples. In the Chinese sample, creative adaptability was positively associated with suppression, which was negatively associated with emotional well-being. These results are suggestive of the role of creative adaptability in dealing with the emotional burden associated with the COVID-19 crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis synthesizes experimental studies on the immediate effects of discrimination on mental health, exploring the effects of different paradigms and discrimination types on diverse facets of mental health. We analyzed data from a systematic literature search (73 studies; 12,097 participants; 245 effect sizes) for randomized controlled trials with manipulation of discrimination as a predictor and mental health as an outcome using a three-level random-effects model. Experimentally manipulated discrimination led to poorer mental health (g = −0.30), also after controlling for publication year, region, education level, and methodological quality. Moderator analyses revealed stronger effects for pervasive (g = −0.55) compared to single-event manipulations (g = −0.25) and a trend toward weaker effects for samples with nonmarginalized (g = −0.16) compared to marginalized identities (g = −0.34). Gender and age did not moderate the effect. Discrimination had the largest effects on externalizing (g = −0.66) and distress-related outcomes (g = −0.41); heterosexism (g = −0.66), racism (g = −0.32), and sexism (g = −0.30) had the largest effects on mental health. Convenience sampling compromised generalizability to subgroups and the general population, downgrading methodological quality for all included studies. When interpreting the findings, selective samples (mostly young female adults with higher education), often limited ecological validity, and ethical restrictions of lab-induced discrimination need to be considered. These constraints likely led to conservative estimates of the mental health effects of discrimination in this meta-analysis. Future research should investigate more diverse samples, further explain the heterogeneity of findings, and explore protective factors of the effects of discrimination on mental health. Public Significance Statement: This meta-analysis shows that discrimination can directly and immediately cause poor mental health, with the largest effects on externalizing outcomes such as anger and hostility. Heterosexism more strongly diminished mental health than racism or sexism. More recent studies found a considerably stronger effect of discrimination on mental health. The small to moderate negative effects of discrimination on mental health likely accumulate over time and can significantly deteriorate public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large body of evidence demonstrates that childhood interpersonal trauma is associated with poorer parental and couple outcomes following the birth of a new child. As a unique component of couple functioning, parenting alliance is key during this transition period and is associated with long-term parental and child well-being. However, parenting alliance remains understudied in relation to childhood trauma, and little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms of this relationship among couples. Given its documented role in the intimate relationships of childhood interpersonal trauma-exposed individuals, dispositional mindfulness could be considered as a potential explanatory mechanism. Using a dyadic approach, this study examined the role of dispositional mindfulness, and its different facets, in the association between cumulative childhood interpersonal trauma (CCIT) and parenting alliance. A randomly selected community sample of 421 parental couples with infants completed online questionnaires. For both mothers and fathers, CCIT was associated with a more negative perception of parenting alliance through lower dispositional mindfulness, specifically through lower scores on the nonjudgment and describing facets. Moreover, results revealed dyadic indirect effects between parents' CCIT and their partner's parenting alliance through both partners' dispositional mindfulness. This study provides insight on how parents of an infant may influence each other's perceived parenting alliance through their dispositional mindfulness. Results also highlight mindfulness as a relevant mechanism for CCIT survivors who struggle to establish or maintain a positive parenting alliance, as well as the need to involve both parents in research and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment theory postulates that there is a particular style of caregiving that, because of its interaction with our evolved psychology, is most likely to result in healthy psychological development. Attachment research has been criticized because most studies have been conducted with Western populations. Critics argue this has (a) overemphasized the importance of sensitive responsive caregiving and (b) limited our understanding of multiple nonmaternal caregiving (allomothering). Here, we analyze the extent of sensitive responsiveness and structural properties of allomothering networks among Mbendjele hunter-gatherers who reside in the Republic of Congo. Humans lived as hunter-gatherers for the majority of our evolutionary history, thus studying contemporary hunter-gatherers can offer insight into the caregiving children may be psychologically adapted to. Based on 12-hr focal follows of 18 children (0–4 years old; 10 male), we constructed caregiving networks across the domains of responding to crying, physical contact, interactive care, and proximity. Crying was virtually always responded to rapidly via comforting and never via scolding. Children received physical contact and care for the majority of the day. Allomothering accounted for 40%–50% of caregiving in each domain. While allomaternal networks were large, they were highly concentrated—the majority of a child's allocare was provided by just a few caregivers. Due to high caregiver:child ratios, "sharing" of caregivers was limited—a child typically had several allomothers who directed a majority of their allomaternal effort to him/her. These findings add to our understanding of the level and sources of sensitive responsive caregiving that children may be evolutionarily primed to expect. Public Significance Statement: Children may be evolutionarily primed to expect exceptionally high levels of physical contact and care, swift soothing responses to their crying, and personal attention from several caregivers beyond their biological parents. Therefore, the provision of affordable high-quality childcare support, which goes beyond effective supervision, should be prioritized. Higher caregiver:child ratios and stability of key caregivers in nurseries and institutional care may be important for minimizing risks to well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have assessed the multifactorial nature of environmental influences on population mental health. In this large-scale, population-based study of adults, we applied network analysis to study the relationship between environmental factors and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and well-being. We estimated networks with overall mental health nodes and individual symptoms to assess both broad and fine-grained associations between environmental factors and mental health. Finally, we conducted an out-of-sample replication in an independent large-scale sample to assess the robustness of our results. Across 31,000 adults randomly sampled from the Norwegian population, we identified associations between numerous environmental characteristics and mental health. Recent discrimination and unsupportive social environments were strongly associated with lower population well-being and higher levels of mental illness symptoms, respectively. The most strongly connected variables in the networks were environmental factors, including perceived problems with crime, violence, or vandalism in the residential area, worrying about violence or threats when outside, and problems with noise or contamination at home. Substantial variation in population mental health was explained by environmental factors included in the networks. Replicability of the results was excellent and suggestive of strong robustness of the results across samples. Our findings are indicative of the importance of environmental factors, such as the social environment, housing satisfaction, and residential area characteristics, for multiple aspects of population mental health. We identify several environmental factors that represent potentially useful targets for future studies and public health efforts seeking to improve mental health in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has supported the hypothesis that volunteering enhances volunteers' well-being. However, more clarity is needed regarding the link between volunteering and the various facets of well-being (i.e., hedonic vs eudaimonic) and the mechanisms that favor the increase of the various facets of well-being in volunteers. One hundred and seventy-five volunteers serving in various organizations were involved in the study. First, the results showed that the volunteers perceived that their satisfaction with life had significantly changed as a result of doing voluntary work. In addition, the results showed that the link between self-determined types of motivation and eudaimonic well-being is mediated by engagement. Engagement also mediated the positive effects of motivation on satisfaction with volunteering, which in turn acted as a second-order mediator on the relationship between self-determined types of motivation and hedonic well-being. Suggestions are given for promoting those organizational conditions that may favor self-determined types of motivation and engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nostalgia is a social, self-relevant, and bittersweet (although mostly positive) emotion that arises when reflecting on fond past memories and serves key psychological functions. The majority of evidence concerning the prevalence, triggers, and functions of nostalgia has been amassed in samples from a handful of largely Western cultures. If nostalgia is a fundamental psychological resource, it should perform similar functions across cultures, although its operational dynamics may be shaped by culture. This study (N= 2,606) examined dispositional nostalgia, self-reported triggers of nostalgia, and functions of experimentally induced nostalgia in young adults across 28 countries and a special administrative region of China (i.e., Hong Kong). Results indicated that nostalgia is frequently experienced across cultures, albeit better valued in more-developed countries (i.e., higher national wealth and life-expectancy). Nostalgia is triggered by psychological threats (especially in warmer countries), sensory stimuli (especially in more-developed countries), and social gatherings (especially in less-developed countries). The positive or negative affect prompted by experimentally induced nostalgia varied by country, but was mild overall. More importantly, recalling a nostalgic (vs. ordinary) memory increased social connectedness, self-continuity, and meaning in life across cultures. In less-developed countries, recalling an ordinary memory also conferred some of these functions, reducing the effect size of nostalgia. Finally, recalling a nostalgic (vs. ordinary) memory augmented state satisfaction with life in countries with lower quality of living (i.e., lower life-expectancy and life-satisfaction). Overall, findings confirm the relevance of nostalgia across a wide range of cultures and indicate cultural nuances in its functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open communication is important for maintaining relationships when conflicts inevitably arise. Nevertheless, people may avoid constructive confrontation to the extent that they expect others to respond negatively. In experiments involving recalled (Experiment 1), imagined (Experiment 2), simulated (Experiment 3), and actual confrontations (Experiments 4a and 4b), we find that people's expectations are systematically miscalibrated such that they overestimate how negatively others respond to confrontation. These overly negative expectations stem, at least in part, from biased attention to potentially negative outcomes of a constructive confrontation (Experiment 5), and from failing to recognize the power of relationship-maintenance processes that are activated in direct conversations (Experiment 6). Underestimating how positively relationship partners will respond to an open, direct, and honest conversation about relationship concerns may create a misplaced barrier to confronting issues when they arise in relationships, thereby keeping people from confronting issues that would strengthen their relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined self-care behaviors and strategies used by trainees in professional psychology programs, both immediately before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 167), and approximately 1 year in (N = 99). Trainees completed online measures to assess perceived stress, well-being, self-care behaviors, and program self-care culture. Self-care behaviors had a negative relationship with perceived stress and number of hours worked, and positive relationships with well-being and program self-care culture. Perceived stress mediated the relationship between self-care domain and perceived well-being, although it did not fully account for the relationships between self-care and perceived well-being in most models. The most frequent self-care behaviors endorsed by trainees were related to the professional support and life balance self-care domains which were of particular importance for trainees in this sample. This study demonstrates that self-care is associated with trainee functioning and efforts within programs to actively promote self-care may have a beneficial effect. We propose that professional psychology training programs consider what organizational and program wellness might mean, and that an exclusive focus on impairment and individual responsibility are barriers to enacting a shared culture of wellness in our programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/Objective: The present study examined the preliminary effectiveness of an online, community-based adaptive yoga program on mindfulness, social connectedness, life satisfaction, and communicative participation. Research Method/Design: Adults (N = 48) were from a U.S. Midwest rehabilitation program and modally identified as White (73%), women (68%), and in their 30s (24%). One-third (35%) of participants were able to walk independently, and cerebral palsy was the most common primary disability diagnosis (32%). The 90-min adaptive yoga program and assessments were offered online weekly for 6 weeks, in which data from 29 participants across three sessions were included in the present analyses. Results: Regarding our primary outcome of interest, there was a statistically significant positive increase in mindfulness over time, F(1, 28) = 5.66, p =.02, with a strong effect size, d = 2.43. All secondary variables had statistically nonsignificant changes over time, although with large effect sizes: social connectedness (d = 0.77), life satisfaction (d = 0.92), and communicative participation (d = 0.40). Conclusions/Implications: The present study provides support for well-being programs for an underserved group; specifically, an online adaptive yoga program with routine outcome monitoring assessments has preliminary effectiveness in increasing mindfulness. Consideration of such well-being programs alongside insurance would be an important policy consideration. Further controlled research is necessary to draw decisive conclusions. Impact and Implications: Online, community-based adaptive yoga programs may serve as an accessible well-being intervention for those with disabilities, although limits on generality must be noted given that modal participant identities were White, women, and 30–40 years old. Such programming may increase mindfulness levels among participants, which is important in examining psychological well-being, although more time and consideration are needed to note potential downstream effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Couples managing chronic illnesses—the leading causes of death and disability in the United States—can experience challenges in their daily lives and relationships. Both couple members have reported lower satisfaction, greater burden, and communication difficulties. Many of these illnesses are nonvisible or concealable, increasing fear and uncertainty when sharing illness information, and reducing self-disclosure. These challenges can leave couples vulnerable to dissatisfaction and distress. In this longitudinal study, we integrated dyadic coping frameworks to examine how couples' communication and coping predicted relational well-being over time. Couples, where one partner was diagnosed with a concealable chronic illness, completed three online surveys 6 months apart (n = 242 couples at baseline, 146 couples at 6 months, and 123 couples at 12 months). Couples were recruited from university settings. Actor-partner interdependence mediation models using within-person multilevel dyadic path modeling tested the theoretical model. For patient and partner actor effects, at times when they saw the illness as shared and something that they could manage together, the more they talked about the illness and used dyadic coping strategies (p <.001). In turn, when using dyadic coping strategies more often, patients and partners felt more satisfied, close, and sexually satisfied than they typically felt that year (p <.001). For cross-partner effects, when patients talked about the illness more than usual, their partners also used dyadic coping strategies more often (p =.01). Patients' open communication may not only benefit themselves but also their partners. This multifaceted approach offers new insight into promoting relational well-being while managing concealable chronic illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a common understanding that the 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) significantly harmed mental health. However, findings on changes in overall life satisfaction have been mixed and inconclusive. To address this puzzling phenomenon, we draw upon the domainspecific perspective of well-being and research on catastrophe compassion and propose that the pandemic can have opposing effects on mental health and communal satisfaction, which then differently relate to people's overall life satisfaction. Longitudinal analyses of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics (HILDA) Survey of Australia (N = 12,093) showed that while there was a greater decrease in mental health in the first COVID-19 pandemic year (2019-2020) than in the previous years (2017-2019), an increase in communal satisfaction also occurred, demonstrating a potential silver lining effect of the pandemic on people's satisfaction with family, community, and neighborhood. Moreover, consistent with socioemotional selectivity theory, changes in mental health, communal satisfaction, and life satisfaction were related to age, such that older adults generally reported less harmful and more beneficial psychological changes. We further found that age was associated with stronger associations of mental health and communal satisfaction with life satisfaction during the pandemic year. Overall, our findings speak to the importance of communal life in life satisfaction during the pandemic and agerelated differences in the process, shedding light on the need to devise customized support to address inequalities in pandemic effects on public well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high prevalence rates of mental disorders worldwide and the paucity of services constitute a mental health crisis. The vast majority of people in low-, middle-, and high-income countries do not receive any intervention for their symptoms of mental disorders, despite enormous advances in developing evidence-based psychosocial treatments and medications. The article proposes greater utilization of interventions in everyday life as an addition to the more traditional and commonly used mental-health interventions. The article delineates criteria to help identify what such interventions ought to include to permit accessibility, scalability, and reach to special populations. Physical activity, contact with nature, and yoga are examples to illustrate the class of everyday interventions that have evidence attesting to their impact on mental health and symptoms of psychopathology. The challenge is to integrate such interventions in mental health practices to better promote these at the population level and to monitor the impact. Many components of what is needed are in place but are not coordinated in an effective way to have widespread impact on mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a well-supported and consistent link with surface acting, emotional exhaustion has routinely displayed an unclear and mixed relationship with deep acting. The purpose of this study was to gather insight into this ambiguity. Using a multiphasic sample (n = 207) and drawing upon the process model of emotion regulation, we tested whether deep acting may encompass two distinct dimensions, namely engagement regulation (i.e., connecting with the emotional source) and disengagement regulation (i.e., avoiding the emotional source), and whether these two distinct strategies could explain the inconsistent linkages with emotional exhaustion. Results from Hotelling-Williams comparisons, confirmatory factor analysis, and regression show support for a three-factor model of engagement, disengagement, and surface acting, particularly as these relate to emotional exhaustion. The appropriateness, measurement, and insights provided by a more nuanced and modern approach to emotional labor strategies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marching arts (MA) are an understudied art form involving both music and dance, which has been cited as an inclusive space for all, despite little to no work directly investigating racial-ethnic marching minority members' intergroup experiences. As such, the purpose of this study was to empirically assess racial minority members' intergroup experiences in the MA and if such experiences were related to their well-being. We conducted an online survey of 174 self-identified members of ethnic-racial minority groups in the United States who had participated in the MA. The sample was predominantly Black/African Americans (42%) and young adults (Mage = 27.54) with large numbers of Native American, Asian, and Hispanic members. Participants described their experiences of intergroup contact in the MA, feelings of belongingness, marching self-efficacy, and minority stress. When controlling for demographics and experience, we found positive intergroup contact is a more persistent predictor of stress, belongingness, and self-efficacy than negative contact. Despite positive contact being more persistent, negative contact is a significant moderator against the positive effects of positive contact, suggesting it can be particularly detrimental to the relationship between positive contact and well-being. These findings suggest MA activities may be viable avenues to explore arts engagement for people of color, and how intergroup contact symmetries and interactions of contact work in real-world contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous motivation for self-set goals (pursuing goals for more intrinsic and less extrinsic reasons) has been linked to affective well-being. Using intensive longitudinal data, the present article examines the link between university students' autonomous study motivation with affective well-being and targets fulfillment of the basic psychological needs as a potential mediating factor of this association on the within-person and the between-person level. University students in Germany (N = 488) completed an online questionnaire once a week over up to two semesters, indicating their weekly study motivation, need fulfillment, and affective well-being. Multilevel structural equation models were employed to target (a) the structure of autonomous study motivation and (b) the associations of autonomous study motivation with need fulfillment and affective well-being. Autonomous study motivation was associated with students' positive and negative affect on both levels. In line with predictions by self-determination theory, multilevel mediation models suggested indirect effects via need fulfillment on both levels. Results highlight the central role of autonomous study motivation and need fulfillment in university students' socioemotional adjustment. A better understanding of this socioemotional adjustment of university students may be an important step for increasing overall study satisfaction and developing interventions to reduce study dropout. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: The reasons why students pursue their studies have been suggested to directly affect students' fulfillment of their basic psychological needs which in turn affects well-being. Results of this study are in line with this assertion and highlight that the reasons for pursuing one's studies may be crucial to better understand students' socioemotional adjustment. This is an important step toward maintaining and improving student mental health and developing interventions to reduce dropout and promote educational success in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies now confirm that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased and exacerbated mental health problems in the general population. Previous quantitative studies have found similar effects on mental health symptoms among adults with histories of childhood adversity; however, qualitative research is needed to provide a more in-depth understanding of pandemic-related experiences among this vulnerable population. Using semistructured qualitative interviews, we explored perceptions of adults with histories of child maltreatment and neglect to better understand the overall impact of the pandemic on their mental health, reported changes in stress and alcohol use, and reported coping strategies during the first year of the pandemic (N = 40). Approximately half of participants reported that the pandemic had greatly (negatively) impacted their life, relationships, and well-being. Contributing stressors included being fearful of getting sick, navigating work changes, and experiencing economic and housing hardships, grief and loss, and social isolation. Fewer than half of the sample reported more stress (46%), whereas a third (33%) indicated no changes to stress, and 10% had reduced stress. The majority (80%) indicated no changes in their alcohol use. Most participants reported they used positive coping strategies during the pandemic. Three primary themes emerged related to participants' perceptions of getting through difficult times: seeking outside support, engaging in positive reframing, and drawing on internal strength and resources. Findings can guide prevention strategies that strengthen social support and foster resilience among vulnerable populations of adults with histories of childhood maltreatment. Public Policy Relevance Statement: Increased stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted adult mental health. This study found that adults with histories of child maltreatment exhibited resilience and employed positive coping strategies to navigate difficulties. Prevention strategies that support mental health and strengthen social support networks can reduce feelings of isolation and bolster resilience, particularly among adults with histories of childhood adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Self-determination enhances well-being and quality of life. It is also considered a fundamental pillar in improving the efficacy of interventions used to treat people with severe mental disorders (SMD). Yet the assessment of self-determination in relation to mental health requires further research. The aim of this study was to analyze the adequacy and psychometric properties of the AUTODDIS scale in a Spanish population with SMD. Method: The scale was originally developed and validated to assess self-determination in people with intellectual disability. The scale was administered to a sample of 333 adults with SMD (M = 47.6 years, SD = 11.68), most of whom were receiving treatment in an outpatient setting or at long-stay care facilities in six specialized centers in Spain. Results: The quality of the items and the reliability of the scale and its subscales were analyzed. External validity was also explored, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze the fit of the data to different models. The results indicate that the scale demonstrated sufficient evidence of reliability and validity, supporting the adequacy of its use in the field of mental health. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: The use of this scale as a tool to assess self-determination and its domains in the mental health field is warranted. The article also discusses the need for more research and assessment tools to facilitate decision making by clinical and organizational stakeholders in promoting self-determination. Impact and Implications: This study provides validation of the use of the AUTODDIS scale to assess self-determination and its domains in the mental health field. The individualized information of the measure may be used to inform clinicians, caregivers, relatives, and the individuals themselves about specific self-determination components that should be targeted in an intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research tested the idea that a self-determined orientation may help people manage death-related thoughts and anxieties, and mitigate the effects of death awareness on well-being. Seven studies (N = 3,331), using a diversity of measures and manipulations, were consistent with that idea. First, mortality salience (vs. other topic primes) increased death-thought accessibility, but not if participants had high need-satisfaction (Study 1, n = 160; Study 2, n = 216) or were prompted to recall self-determined experiences (Study 3, n = 188). Second, need-satisfaction was associated with reduced death anxiety (Study 4a, n = 301; Study 4b, n = 1,848), and priming self-determined concepts eliminated the effect of mortality salience on death anxiety (Study 5, n = 119). Third, heightened death-thought accessibility was related to lower satisfaction with life (Study 6, n = 271) and happiness (Study 7, n = 228), but not among those with high need-satisfaction. Supplemental analyses suggested the effects of need-satisfaction were not due to associations with affect (Studies 1, 6, 7), epistemic certainty (ideological dogmatism, Study 4a), or mindfulness (Studies 5b and 6); need-satisfaction mitigated the effects of existential concern via self-esteem but not via growth orientation (Study 4b) nor due to its relationship with Openness (Studies 6 and 7). Together, these findings suggest a self-determined orientation can help buffer existential concern and buoy well-being and point to a potential existential protective function beyond its known growth-oriented functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the lived experience and emotional wellbeing of individuals who self-identify as being highly sensitive persons (HSP), otherwise termed sensory processing sensitivity (SPS). Face-to-face semistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 11 participants who self-identify as being HSP. There were eight females and three males. Most participants were recruited from HSP Meetup groups which are meetings that focus on supporting HSPs and promoting awareness of the trait. Information about the research was distributed via members' mailing lists and potential participants were asked to contact the researcher if they would be willing to take part in an interview. All participants scored above the cut-off for being classed as highly sensitive on the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (Aron & Aron, 1997). Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed, and the data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three themes were identified from participants' accounts in relation to wellbeing which were labeled using in vivo coding: "We can have these extreme emotions"; "Empathy: A blessing and a curse"; and "You have to learn to manage it." Participants had experienced intense emotions that led them to question their mental health. Empathy was identified as a defining feature of SPS that can have both positive and negative implications. Participants had found ways to manage their heightened sensitivity including personal development, therapy, and self-care coping strategies. Findings are discussed in the context of previous literature and suggestions are made for future lines of investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/Objective: The goal of the current study is to examine the relationships between psychosocial factors and well-being among adults with Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease, a progressive neuromuscular disorder. Specifically, we aimed to examine associations between psychosocial factors and sense of purpose as well as the moderating role of sense of purpose on associations between psychosocial factors and two other measures of well-being (life satisfaction and health-related quality of life). Research Method/Design: In 2021, we recruited 263 U.S. adults with CMT (Mage = 60.15 years, 58.56% female, 92.40% White) to take part in a cross-sectional study. Participants were asked to complete an online survey assessing components of well-being as well as various psychosocial factors. Results: Moderate-to-strong associations were found between most psychosocial factors assessed and sense of purpose in individuals with CMT. In addition, sense of purpose moderated the relationship between multiple psychosocial factors and other measures of well-being. Conclusions/Implications: Psychosocial factors may be important to consider when examining well-being among individuals with CMT. Furthermore, sense of purpose may be a beneficial tool for promoting well-being in this population. Impact and Implications: This study adds to the literature by investigating well-being among adults with Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease, a population that has been underrepresented in psychology research. The results of this study could help inform adaptations to existing programs and resources to help promote well-being among individuals with CMT disease. CMT is a hereditary peripheral neuropathy affecting roughly one in 2,500 people worldwide (Charcot–Marie–Tooth Association, 2021). CMT affects the peripheral nervous system and leads to progressive muscle weakness, decreased balance, fatigue, pain, and gradual loss of physical functioning (Taniguchi et al., 2013). Past research on well-being in people with CMT is very limited; however, studies suggest that people with CMT may have worse mental health and well-being than those without CMT. Multiple studies have found that individuals with CMT experience decreased quality of life in physical, psychological, and social domains compared to the general population (Burns et al., 2010; Taniguchi et al., 2013; Vinci et al., 2005). In addition, those with CMT may have a higher risk for developing depressive symptoms than those without CMT, although studies have shown mixed results (Cordeiro et al., 2014). Researchers believe that these adverse effects on mental health and well-being are secondary to CMT and are not caused by the biological mechanisms of the disorder itself (Shy & Rose, 2005). Instead, decreases in well-being likely stem from psychological, social, and physical factors or difficulties that arise because of CMT symptoms. These could include anxiety surrounding the progressive nature of the disorder, social stigmatization, or experiences of disability discrimination. While past work has evaluated well-being in adults with CMT, we are unaware of any studies that have examined the relationship between specific psychosocial factors and well-being in this population. The current study will address this by investigating the associations between psychosocial factors and sense of purpose as well as the moderating role of sense of purpose on associations between psychosocial factors and two other measures of well-being (life satisfaction and health-related quality of life). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been coping with high levels of stress during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, affecting their employment, physical, and mental health, and overall life satisfaction. Objective: This study evaluated constructs of the stress–appraisal–coping theory and positive person–environment factors as predictors of subjective well-being for adults with MS. Method: Participants included 477 adults with MS recruited through the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the incremental variance in subjective well-being accounted for by demographic covariates, functional disability, perceived stress, stress appraisal, coping styles, and positive person–environment contextual factors. Results: Positive stress appraisal and coping flexibility were significantly associated with subjective well-being at the bivariate correlation level and at the step they were entered into the regression model. Marital status, household income, functional disability, perceived stress, hope, core self-evaluations, and social support were significant predictors in the final model, accounting for 60% of the variance in subjective well-being scores (R2 =.60, f2 = 1.48; large effect size). Conclusions: Findings from this study support a stress management and well-being model based on constructs of Lazarus and Folkman's stress–appraisal–coping theory and positive person–environment contextual factors, which can inform the development of theory-driven and empirically supported stress management and well-being interventions for people with MS during the ongoing global health crisis. Impact and Implications: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly disrupted the lives of people around the world and disproportionately affected the disability community, including people with multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition to managing stressors and challenges associated with chronic disease, people with MS must also cope with high levels of stress and anxiety during the ongoing pandemic, which can acutely affect their physical health, mental health, and life satisfaction. Therefore, effective stress management and well-being interventions that can be provided remotely, in person, and blended are needed to help individuals with MS manage disease complications and stress levels. This study evaluated constructs of the stress–appraisal–coping theory and positive person–environment contextual factors as predictors of subjective well-being in adults with MS. Findings suggested that positive personality traits and supportive environments may play a role as protective factors against perceived stress and facilitate subjective well-being. Importantly, findings of this study can be used to guide the development of theory-driven and empirically supported stress management, health promotion, and psychological interventions for people with MS during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited empirical work that examines how Whites psychologically maintain and make efforts to dismantle systemic racism. Prior work suggests that both color-evasive attitudes and aspects of racism emotionality predict Whites' behaviors and, to a lesser extent, their well-being as their racial position is challenged. Utilizing a sample of 897 White adults attending college (Mage = 22.98 years, SD = 5.95), the present study examined how color-evasive attitudes (i.e., blatant racial issues, racial privilege, and awareness of institutional discrimination), diversity attitudes (anti-Blackness attitudes, openness to diversity), and racism emotionality (i.e., white empathy, white guilt, and fear) co-occur together to meaningfully predict Whites' indicators of well-being (i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, and life satisfaction). Latent profile analysis revealed four profiles that varied from more antiracist configurations (abandoning racism profiles, 71% of the sample) to more racist configurations (internalizing racism profiles, 29% of sample). White individuals within the antiracist configuration displayed the highest levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, and lowest levels of life satisfaction. While those in the internalizing racism configuration displayed statistically higher reports of satisfaction with life and lowest levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Findings suggest that understanding the combined experiences of color-evasive attitudes and racism emotionality for Whites are important avenues for increasing responsibility and taking accountability in dismantling racism. Public Significance Statement: This study suggests that White college students vary in their emotional and attitudinal response to racism; many students display antiracist patterns, and some students display racist patterns. Antiracist patterns relate not only to antiracist beliefs and actions but also to greater stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Clinical work and interventions focused on antiracism for Whites should normalize experiences of low well-being and distress as a process in the evolution of an antiracist identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an executive summary of the American Psychological Association's (APA's) revised Guidelines for Assessment and Intervention With Persons With Disabilities. The revision was requested by the Committee on Disability Issues in Psychology and was approved by the APA Council of Representatives in February 2022. The task force updated and expanded the guidelines' empirical bases; squarely situated the guidelines in a changing sociocultural landscape (reflected in discussions of disability models, biases and barriers, language use, intersectionality, and respectful and fair assessment and intervention); and added many concrete suggestions for conceptualizing disability and working with disabled clients and their support systems. In this executive summary, we include key points from each of the 23 guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Epidemic–Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII) is a 92-item measure developed to assess tangible impacts of the pandemic including both negative (work, home, social, and health) and positive changes. The EPII has been used in a variety of studies, but a standard scoring system has not been determined. Parents of young children (N = 216) completed the EPII, Perceived Stress Scale, Parenting Stress Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS-PA and PANAS-NA), and COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS) online September 2021–May 2022. The EPII was scored in three ways represented in the literature to examine which scoring method accounted for the greatest amount of variance in parents' stress and mood, independent of demographic factors and CSS. Hierarchical linear regression results revealed that one EPII scoring method consistently accounted for the greatest amount of variance in each outcome variable (largest R2) compared to the other two scoring methods. Additionally, number of negative and positive pandemic impacts accounted for more variance (larger β coefficient) in each outcome compared to demographic factors and CSS, with the exception that negative pandemic impacts were not associated with PANAS-PA. One method of scoring the EPII may maximize the measures' potential to account for variance in stress and mood among parents of young children. The EPII may be a valuable measure to include in studies examining the impact of the pandemic on parents' well-being even beyond the peak of the pandemic, as its association with stress and mood appears to be long-lasting and independent of demographic factors and COVID-19 stress. Public Significance Statement: This study examines ways to score the Epidemic–Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII) in order to best account for the association of tangible pandemic impacts with stress and mood among parents of young children, even months after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results suggest that one specific scoring method for the EPII is the most effective means of predicting these parent-level outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often self-identify as allies to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. This research examined on what basis LGBT individuals perceive others to be allies and documents the consequences of perceived allyship. Studies 1a (n = 40) and 1b (n = 69) collected open-ended descriptions of allyship provided by LGBT participants. Coding of the responses suggested multiple components to being an ally: (a) being nonprejudiced toward the group, (b) taking action against discrimination and inequality, and (c) having humility about one's perspective in discussions about LGBT issues. In Studies 2a (n = 161) and 2b (n = 319, with nationally representative characteristics), an allyship scale was developed and validated for general and specific relational contexts, respectively. Study 2b also showed that LGBT individuals' perceptions of close others' allyship were positively associated with their own well-being and relationship quality with the close other. Study 3, an experiment, demonstrated that nonprejudice and action had an interactive effect on perceived allyship, such that action increased perceived allyship more when prejudice was low (vs. high). Study 4 was a weekly experience study of LGBT participants and an outgroup roommate. Perceiving one's roommate to be a good ally predicted higher self-esteem, greater subjective well-being, and better relationship quality with the roommate, both between and within participants. Furthermore, perceived allyship in 1 week was associated with increases in LGBT individuals' mental health and relationship quality with the roommate the following week. This research advances knowledge about what allyship means to LGBT individuals and identifies intra- and interpersonal benefits of allyship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of healing from family rejection among transgender and nonbinary Latinx individuals. Participants were asked how they navigated family dynamics related to gender identity and specific behaviors or resources that promoted their healing from experiences of family rejection. Data from 12 interviews with Latinx nonbinary and transgender adults were analyzed through a critical-constructivist grounded theory method resulting in a hierarchy composed of three clusters related to the core category (healing from family rejection leads to the recreation of diasporic identity and community as one learns to live authentically in their ethnic/racial gendered expression). These clusters included recreation of the family system, community-based cultural healing, and autonomy in trans identity and psychological well-being. Relevant contributions to research and implications for psychologists are reviewed: (a) Latinx diasporic identity formation is facilitated through the reconstruction of familial relationships and cultural healing, and (b) chosen family and supportive community networks may adopt the responsibility of ethnic–racial socialization after proximity to family of origin is lost. Public Significance Statement: This study analyzed data from 12 interviews to examine how Latinx transgender and nonbinary individuals heal from experiences of family rejection. The findings presented suggest that transgender and nonbinary Latinx individuals describe healing from family rejection by engaging in a recreation of their diasporic identity and communities while coming into an affirming racial/ethnic gendered expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that minority stress is linked to poorer mental health across a variety of stigmatized populations, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) people. It is therefore essential to understand factors that can counteract minority stress. To date, most research on LGBQ people's resilience relied on retrospective reports of stressful identity-salient experiences. This limits the understanding about resilience factors that enable LGBQ people to thrive in the face of minority stressors as they occur on a day-to-day basis. The present study addressed this gap by using a daily diary design to test whether self-compassion protects LGBQ people's affective well-being from daily stressful sexual orientation-salient experiences (SOSEs). A sample of 235 LGBQ adults completed a baseline survey that assessed self-compassion, as well as brief online surveys twice daily for a maximum of 17 days that assessed SOSEs and affect, providing a total of 3,310 days of data. As anticipated, results of multilevel modeling showed that negative and positive SOSEs were linked to negative and positive evening affect, respectively, at both the daily and person levels. Self-compassion moderated the link between daily negative SOSEs and positive evening affect, such that daily negative SOSEs were linked to lower positive affect only among those with lower self-compassion. Moderation effect was not observed for negative evening affect as an outcome. Exploratory analysis suggested that the buffering effect of self-compassion could be impacted by contextual factors. Our study showed the importance of self-compassion and access to positive SOSEs for LGBQ people's well-being. Public Significance Statement: This study suggested that trait self-compassion may protect LGBQ people from lowered positive affect as negative SOSEs occur on a day-to-day basis. Exploratory analysis also suggested that such protective effect may be particularly important when one typically does not perceive any positive SOSEs, and yet less promising when the negative experience involved someone emotionally closed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culturally relevant stressors and protective factors are vital to understanding and effectively supporting Native American/Alaska Native (NA/AN) college students' mental health and well-being. This study examined the theorized pathways among historical loss, well-being, psychological distress, and the proposed cultural buffer of ethnic identity in the indigenist stress-coping model (ISCM). Cross-sectional data were collected via online survey and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Participants were a national sample of 242 NA/AN college students. Participants were predominantly women (n = 185; 76%) and median age was 21 years. Partial support was found for the ISCM. Participants reported frequent thoughts of historical loss, which were associated with lower well-being and higher levels of psychological distress. Ethnic identity moderated the relationship between historical loss and well-being such that those with stronger ethnic identities reported a weaker relationship between historical loss and lower well-being. Results underscore the importance of culturally specific risk and protective factors in NA/AN college students' resiliency and inform needed interventions and systemic change in higher education. Public Significance Statement: Native American (NA) and Alaska Native (AN) college students experience some of the most significant educational inequities in the United States but little research focuses on specific and unique pathways for resilience within this population. Evidence suggests that historical loss is a relevant stressor for NA/AN college students and having a strong ethnic identity protects students' well-being. Creating greater educational equity requires higher education institutions to address this stressor and explicitly support students' ethnic identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of the Dads And Daughters Exercising and Empowered (DADEE) program on daughters' social-emotional well-being when delivered by trained facilitators. Fathers (n = 158; Mage = 41.95 ± 5.32 years; 86% Australian born) and daughters (n = 193; Mage = 8.35 ± 1.85 years) from Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, were randomized into (a) the DADEE intervention or (b) a wait-list control. At baseline and 3 months, fathers, daughters, and mothers completed validated scales of daughters' social-emotional well-being (main outcome of interest), daughters' self-esteem, and other family-related outcomes. Intervention daughters improved their social-emotional well-being from father and mother perspectives compared to the control group (d = 0.51–0.64). Intervention effects were observed for the father–daughter relationship, indicators of father involvement, fathering warmth, coparenting, and family-related well-being, but not daughters' self-reported self-esteem and family-related well-being. Public Significance Statement: Physical activity, positive father involvement, and a strong father–daughter relationship may have important benefits for girls' social-emotional well-being. Our study findings provide promising evidence that targeting numerous psychosocial (e.g., father–daughter bond) and behavioral (e.g., developing social-emotional skills) variables, in a cophysical activity context, has a positive impact on girls' social-emotional well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender people report high levels of discrimination, prejudice, stigma-related anxiety and depression, and suicidality. In socially, politically, and religiously conservative areas, emphasis on traditional gender roles may lead to heightened levels of stigma-related stress and anxiety in transgender people and pose additional challenges to the development of positive transgender identities. Using a pre-/posttest experimental design, we evaluated an online resource aimed at increasing positive identity and psychological well-being (PWB) in young adult transgender individuals living in the Southeast and Midwest United States. Participants, ages 18–26, were randomized into two groups to watch either a video about positive transgender identity (intervention; n = 24) or a video with general information about lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer people (control; n = 14). Both groups completed preintervention and 2-week post measures of positive identity and PWB. One-way analysis of variance of pre–post difference scores suggested that the intervention group reported significantly increased community connectedness, positive affect, and positive relations with others, and significantly lowered depressive symptom scores compared to the control group. Findings suggest that brief online interventions may be useful in supporting emotional health in transgender people; however, additional community supports may be crucial to positive identity development. Public Significance Statement: Transgender young adults in the Southeast and Midwestern United States watched a brief general video about LGBTQ people or an intervention video highlighting positive aspects of transgender and nonbinary identities. Compared to the group that watched the general video, the group that watched the positive identity video reported lower depressive symptom scores and more positive feelings 2 weeks later. This study suggests brief, strengths-based, accessible interventions for transgender individuals that may help facilitate some aspects of psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosociality can create social connections that increase well-being among both givers and recipients, yet concerns about how another person might respond can make people reluctant to act prosocially. Existing research suggests these concerns may be miscalibrated such that people underestimate the positive impact their prosociality will have on recipients. Understanding when miscalibrated expectations emerge in development is critical for understanding when misplaced cognitive barriers might discourage social engagement and for understanding when interventions to build relationships could begin. Two experiments asking children (aged 8-17, Experiment 1; aged 4-7, Experiment 2) and adults to perform the same random act of kindness for another person document that both groups significantly underestimate how "big" the act of kindness will seem to recipients, and how positive their act will make recipients feel. Participants significantly undervalued the positive impact of prosociality across ages. Miscalibrated psychological barriers to social connection may emerge early in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]